131 



TOULMIN, JOSHUA, D.D. 



TOUR, MAURICE QUENTIN DE LA. 



133 



1786 or 1787 ho was appointed governor of Douai. He held that 

 office till 1790, but opposing himself to the republican fervour of the 

 garrison, was nearly murdered and obliged to fly. He took refuge in 

 Switzerland, where he resided for a year, and then proceeded to 

 Vienna. He died in obscurity at Tatemansdorf in Hungary, in 1793. 



TOULMIN, JOSHUA, D.D., was born in London, on the llth 

 of May 1740, and was educated at St. Paul's school, whence he was 

 removed to what was then called the Dissenting Academy, the classes 

 constituting which were taught in \Vellclose Square, in the house of 

 his relation Dr. Samuel Morton Savage, who was the classical and 

 mathematical tutor; the only other teacher being Dr. David Jen- 

 nings, who was theological tutor or professor, and presided over the 

 seminary. (' History of Dissenters,' by Bogue and Bennett, iv. 261, 

 262.) On being licensed to preach, he was in the first instance settled 

 as minister of a dissenting congregation at Colyton in Devonshire. At 

 this time his principles appear to have been what are commonly called 

 orthodox; but he soon became a convert to the opinions of the 

 Baptists; upon which, in 1765, he transferred himself to Taunton, 

 where, besides having the charge of a Baptist congregation, he taught 

 a school, and also, it is said, kept a bookseller's shop. It was while 

 resident here likewise that he wrote and published most of the literary 

 works which have made his name known. He had not been long at 

 Taunton before his theology underwent a further change; but, 

 although he had previously received invitations from the Unitarians 

 both of Gloucester and Yarmouth, he remained where he was till 1804, 

 when he accepted the situation of one of the pastors of the Unitarian 

 congregation at Birmingham, formerly presided over by Dr. Priestley, 

 and then assembling in what was called the New Meeting-House. 

 This appointment he continued to hold, discharging its duties with 

 much acceptance, till his death at Birmingham, after a short illness, 

 on the 23rd of July 1815, leaving five children, out of a family of 

 twelve, by his wife Jane, youngest daughter of Mr. J. Smith, of 

 Taunton, whom he married in 1764. 



Dr. Toulmin received his diploma of D.D. from Harvard University, 

 in the United States, in 1794. His first publication appears to have 

 been an octavo volume, entitled ' Sermons addressed to Youth, with a 

 Translation of Isocrates's Oration to Demonicus,' which appeared in 

 1770, and was reprinted in 1789 : this was followed by ' Two Letters 

 on the Address of the Dissenting Ministers on Subscription,' 8vo, 

 1774 ; ' Memoirs of Socinus,' 8vo, 1777 ; ' Letters to Dr. John Sturges 

 on the Church Establishment,' 8vo, 1782; 'Dissertations on the 

 Internal Evidences of Christianity,' 8vo, 1785; 'Essay on Baptism,' 

 Svo, 1786; a new edition (the third) of 'Mr. William Foot's Account 

 of the Ordinance of Baptism,' Svo, 1787; 'Review of the Life, Cha- 

 racter, and Writings of John Biddle, M.A.,' Svo, 1789; ' History of 

 the Town of Taunton,' 4to, 1791 ; a new edition of Neal's ' History of 

 the Puritans,' with notes and additions, 5 vols. Svo, 1794-97, reprinted 

 in 3 vols. Svo, 1837; 'Biographical Tribute to the Memory of Dr. 

 Priestley,' Svo, 1804; 'Address to Young Men,' 12mo, 1804; 

 ' Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel Bourne ' (his colleague at Birmingham), 

 Svo, 1809; 'Sermons on Devotional Subjects,' Svo, 1810; 'Historical 

 View of the State of the Protestant Dissenters in England,' Svo, 

 1814; besides a number of single sermons and other pamphlets : and 

 he was also an occasional contributor to the ' Theological Repository,' 

 ' The ! Nonconformists' Memorial,' ' The Monthly Magazine,' and other 

 periodical publications. Dr. Toulmin's writings, without much either 

 of learning or power of thought, display generally an agreeable per- 

 spicuity and neatness of style, rising sometimes to considerable energy 

 and animation ; and although steady, and even eager, in the defence of 

 his own opinions, ho states what he has to say without any bitterness 

 or discourtesy to his opponents. 



TOULONGEON, FRANgoiS E'MANUEL, VISCOUNT OF, a 

 French historian of the last and present century, was born in 174S, at 

 the castle of Champlitte, in La Franche Comtd, and belonged to one 

 of the oldest families in that province. He was destined by his 

 parents for the church, and was sent at an early age to the Seminary 

 of St. Sulpice at Paris ; but having evinced a decided repugnance to 

 theological studies, he was permitted to follow his own inclination, 

 and to enter the army. He was a great admirer of Voltaire, to whom, 

 in 1776, he paid a visit at Ferney, and whose favour he gained. He 

 was admitted a member of the Acaddmie of Besangon, in 1779, having 

 previously manifested a degree of poetical talent which gained for 

 him some local celebrity. He rose to the rank of colonel of chasseurs, 

 and his regiment was remarked for its discipline and good condition ; 

 but he quitted the service previous to the wars which arose out of the 

 French revolution. At the commencement of the revolution he 

 embraced the popular side, and defended it against the majority of 

 the nobles of La Franche Comtd in the assembly of the states of that 

 province, held at Quingey, in 1788. About this time he published a 

 pamphlet, under the title of 'Principes Naturels et Constitutifs des 

 Assemblies Nationales,' which appears to have been his first publica- 

 tion. It gained him considerable popularity, and led to his appoint- 

 ment as one of the deputies of the nobility of the province in the 

 States-General of 1789. He was one of those nobles who separated 

 themselves from their order to unite with the tiers-dtat, or commons, 

 in one chamber, which assumed the title of the National Assembly. 

 In the years 1790-91 he acted with the moderate revolutionists; and 

 at the close of the session, presaging the approaching troubles, he 



quitted public life, and retired to an estate which he possessed in Le 

 Niveruais, the sole remain of his patrimonial inheritance, and which 

 was considerably diminished in value by the loss of the feudal services 

 which had been suppressed by the revolution. His early retirement 

 preserved him from the perils of the reign of terror. His subsequent 

 life was devoted to literary and to agricultural pursuits. He waa 

 elected a member of the Institute, in 1797, in the class of the moral 

 sciences (a class suppressed at the reorganisation of the Institute, in 

 1803) ; and, in the same year, brought out a periodical, entitled 

 ' Esprit Public,' with the view of calming the violence of party spirit ; 

 but only six numbers of the work appeared. He was chosen, in 1802 

 and 1809, deputy for the department of Nievre in the legislative body; 

 and was subsequently made a commander of the Legion of Honour. 

 He died suddenly, 23rd December 1812, and was buried in the ceme- 

 tery of Montmartre, where his children have raised a monument to 

 his memory. 



The principal works of Toulongeon are : ' Histoire de France 

 depuis la Rdvolution de 1789;' 'Manuel du Museum Franyais;' 

 ' Manuel Rdvolutionnaire, ou Pensdes Morales sur 1'Etat Politique des 

 Peuples en Revolution ; ' a poem, entitled ' Recherches Historiquea 

 et Philosophiques sur 1'Amour et le Plaisir;' and a translation of 

 Czesar's 'Commentaries.' He published some smaller works; and 

 some of his papers read at the Institute were published either in the 

 'Mdmoires de 1'Institut,' or separately, by himself. His 'Histoire 

 de France ' never appears to have attained a high reputation, and has 

 been superseded by later histories of the sajne period : but the exact- 

 ness of its military details gives it some value. The first edition was 

 without date, in 2 vols. Svo ; the second edition (1801-10) was pub- 

 lished in 4 vols. 4to, or 7 vols. Svo, with maps and plans of battles. 

 The ' Manuel du Museum ' is a catalogue raisonnd of the paintings of 

 the ancient masters : it was published in ten thin volumes, Svo, 1802- 

 1808 : the first nine volumes have the initials of Toulongeon on the 

 title-pages; the tenth volume is by another hand. The 'Manuel 

 Revolutionnaire ' (1795) went through two editions, and was trans- 

 lated into German. The translation of Caesar was published after 

 Toulongeon's decease, 2 vols. ISmo, 1813, with plans and military 

 notes on the text. A new edition, interpaged with the original text, 

 was published in 1826: part of a collection (by M. A. Pommier) of 

 the Latin classics, interpaged with French versions. 



TOUP, JONATHAN, was born at St. Ives in Cornwall, in December 

 1713, and was partly edudated at a grammar-school in that town. He 

 was afterwards entered at Exeter College, Oxford, where he took his 

 bachelor's degree, but his master of arts degree he took at Cambridge. 

 Toup entered the Church, and obtained successively the rectory of 

 St. Martin's, Exeter, and a prebend's stall in Exeter cathedral. He 

 died on the 19th of January 1785, in his 72nd year, and was buried in 

 St. Martin's church. 



Toup was an accurate scholar, and one of the best English critics 

 in the middle of last century. The work by which he is best known 

 is his ' Emendations of Suidas ; ' the first volume of which was pub- 

 lished in 1760, under the title of ' Emendationes in Suidarn, in quibus 

 plurima loca veterum Grsecorum, Sophoclis et Aristophanis imprimis, 

 cum explicantur turn emendantur.' This was followed by two volumes 

 more in 1764 and 1766, and by a fourth in 1775, under the title of 

 ' Appendiculum Notarum in Suidam.' This work gained for him the 

 friendship of Bishop Warburton, to whose influence Toup was mainly 

 indebted for his church preferment. In 1767 Toup published his 

 ' Epistola Critica ad virum celeberriniuru Gulielmum episcopum 

 Glocestriensem,' containing various corrections and explanations of 

 many passages in the Greek authors. Toup was also a large contri- 

 butor to the Oxford edition of Theocritus edited by Whaiton, which 

 was published in 1770. A note of his upon the fourteenth Idyl was 

 cancelled by the vice-chancellor on the ground of its indecency, prin- 

 cipally, it is said, at the wish of Dr. Lowth. Toup however was 

 highly displeased at this, and published the objectionable note in 1772 

 in his ' Curse Posteriores, sive Appendicula Notarum atque emenda- 

 tionum in Theocritum, Oxouii nuperrime publicatum,' in which he 

 attacks the taste and the learning of those who had it omitted. 

 Toup's last work was an edition of Longinus, published at Oxford in 

 1778, and reprinted in 1789, which is still one of the best editions we 

 have of this writer. (Nichols's Bowyer.) 



TOUR, MAURICE QUENTIN DE LA, an eminent French portrait 

 painter, was born at St. Quentin in 1704. De la Tour was distin- 

 guished for his portraits in crayons, which he executed the size of 

 life ; he painted very slowly and finished very highly, but gave his 

 pictures the appearance of having been executed with great ease by 

 adding a few bold and effective touches to the already finished work. 

 He painted many portraits, and was much in fashion in the time of 

 Louis XV., with whom he was a favourite, and whose portrait he 

 painted. The following are among his best pictures : a large full- 

 length of Madame de Pompadour ; the portrait of Louis, Dauphiu of 

 France; one of Prince Charles, the Pretender; the portraits of 

 Restout, the king's painter, presented to the Academy of Arts of 

 Paris in 1746, when De la Tour was elected a member of the Academy; 

 of Rend Fremin, the king's sculptor ; of J. B. S. Chardin, the painter ; 

 of the Marechal de Saxe, and others ; and his own portrait, which 

 was engraved by G. F. Schmidt in 1742. 



De la Tour was a man of very eccentric habits, and towards the 



