161 



TRESCHOW, NIELS. 



TREVOR, SIR JOHN. 



162 



were aroused by this appeal, provided Trentowski with means to 

 follow out his wishes, and he wrote a series of works in Polish, which 

 were published in Posen, and produced a considerable sensation. The 

 first, 'Chowanua czyli System Pedagogiki,' 2 vols., 1842 (Education on 

 a System of Pedagogics), reached a second edition in 1846, but was to 

 have been completed by a tbird volume which does not seem to have 

 yet appeared. ' Myslini czyli Logika,' 2 vols., 1844 (Logic), aud 

 'Stosunek filozofii do Cybernitiki,' 1843 (The Relation of Philosophy 

 to the Science" of Government), are two of the most important of the 

 remainder. ' Demonomania,' Poseu, 1844, is a collection of narratives 

 of supernatural appearances, with an attempt at explanation connected 

 with a theory of the supernatural. Many essays by Trentow^kt 

 appeared in the Polish periodicals 'Rok' and ' Oredownik naukowy,' 

 published at Posen. In 1848 Trentowski took advantage of the state 

 of (i flairs in general to return to Cracow, where he gave public lectures, 

 but he afterwards returned to Freiburg, where he lives in retirement 

 married to a German lady. As a philosopher, he seeks, while still a 

 disciple of Kaut, to unite empiricism with speculation, and to introduce 

 a sort of Polish practicality into a philosophy fundamentally German ; 

 and as an author, either iu German or Polish, he is brilliant and 

 attractive in style, and shows a desire to accompany every step of 

 speculation with illustrations of an intelligible character. 



TRESCHOW, NIELS, a Danish philosophical and theological 

 writer, was the son of a shopkeeper or tradesman at Drammen in 

 Norway, where he was born September 5th, 1751. From his parents, 

 who were serious and religious persons, he received a careful education, 

 which, seconded by his natural abilities and love of reading, sufficiently 

 prepared him for the university in his fifteenth year, when he was sent 

 to Copenhagen to study theology. Though he did not neglect divinity, 

 he showed a preference for philosophy, history, mathematics, and the 

 physical sciences, in which studies he found companions ia Edward 

 Storm [STOEM] and Nordal Brun, who were also natives of Norway. 

 After spending five years at Copenhagen, he became corrector or sub- 

 master of the classical school at Drontheim ; and it was there that he 

 first took up his pen as an author. In 1780 he was appointed to suc- 

 ceed the celebrated Jacob Baden as rector of the academy of Helsingor, 

 at which time he studied Kant's writings, and explained his philosophy 

 iu a series of able papers in the ' Minerva.' Not many years afterw'ards 

 (1789) he obtained the appointment to the head-mastership of the 

 cathedral school at Christiania, which, besides being valuable for its 

 emoluments, brought him into intercourse with many individuals dis- 

 tinguished not only by their wealth and station, but by their patriotism 

 and philanthropy, and their zeal in promoting the spread of intelli- 

 gence. Encouraged by them, he turned his attention to the improve- 

 ment of the system of education in Deumark, but, owing to the oppo- 

 sition they met with in other quarters, his plans were only very 

 partially carried into effect. In 1796 his dissertation 'De Anthropo- 

 morphismo ' obtained for him the degree of doctor of theology from 

 the university of Copenhagen, at which he was afterwards (1803) 

 appointed professor in ordinary of philosophy, an office filled by him 

 with honour to himself and satisfaction and advantage to the students. 

 In 1813 he quitted Copenhagen for Christiania, in order to accept the 

 chair of philosophy in the new Frederick's University, an institution 

 which he had been mainly instrumental in founding. On the union 

 of Norway with Sweden, he was made by the new king superintendent 

 of public instruction and church affairs, which office he held for twelve 

 years, when he retired to a small estate in the neighbourhood of 

 Christiania, and resided there till his death, September 22, 1833. 

 Among his chief works are ' Morality in Connection with the State,' 

 &c. ; ' Principles of Legislation ; ' ' Spirit of Christianity ; ' ' Transla- 

 tion of the Gospel of St. John ; ' and the ' Philosophical Testament, 

 or God, Nature, and Revelation ; ' all of which were the productions 

 of his studious retirement after relinquishing public duties in 1826. 



TBEVI'GI, or TREVI'SI, GIRO'LAMO DA, was born at Trevigi iu 

 1508. He was apparently the son of the painter Piermaria Pennacchi, 

 who was doubtless his instructor in painting. Girolamo however, not 

 wholly satisfied with the accuracy of the Venetian painters, became 

 an imitator of the style of Raffaelle, and combined to a considerable 

 extent the qualities of both schools. He lived some time in Bologna, 

 where he painted some excellent works, especially from the story of 

 Saut' Antonio of Padua, in oil, in the cathedral. He left Bologna in 

 consequence of the superior fame of Perino del Vaga, then at Bologna. 

 After painting several works in fresco at Venice, Trent, and some 

 other places, he came to England and entered the service of Henry VIII., 

 who employed him as architect and engineer, with a fixed salary of 

 nearly 100/f. per annum. He was engaged in the capacity of engineer 

 in the year 1544 before Boulogne, and was there killed by a cannon- 

 shot, in his thirty-sixth year. 



There are some excellent portraits by Girolamo ; they are well 

 coloured and in an elaborate but broad manner, much in the style of 

 the portraits by Raffaelle. There is a fine specimen in the Colonna 

 palace at Rome ; it is a half-length of a man in the picturesque cos- 

 tume of the period, holding a ring or signet in his hand. There are, 

 or were, other pictures by Girolamo in this palace. A picture of the 

 Madonna with various saints, which, according to Vusari, was Giro- 

 lamo's masterpiece, is now in the collection of Lord Northwick, at 

 Thirlstane House, Cheltenham ; it was formerly iu the church of San 

 Domenico, at Bologna. 



BIOO.DIV. VOL. VI. 



There was au earlier painter called Girolamo da Trevigi, by whom 

 there are still works bearing dates from 1470 to 1492 : hi* surname, 

 according to Federici, was Aviano. 



TREVISA'NI, A'NGELO, of Venice, was an excellent portrait- 

 painter, and painted also some good historical pieces : he excelled in 

 chiar'oscuro. There is a fine altar-piece by him in the church Delia 

 Carita at Venice. Neither the date of his birth nor death is known ; 

 accounts differ, but he was living in 1753. There are portraits of both 

 the Trevisani in the painters' portrait gallery at Florence. 



TREVISA'NI, FRANCESCO, CAVALIERE, an eminent Italian 

 painter, was born at Capo d'Istria near Trieste, in 1656. He is called 

 by the Venetians, Roman Trevisani, to distinguish him from Angelo 

 Trevisani of Venice. Francesco acquired the first principles of design 

 from his father Antonio Trevisani, an architect, and learnt painting of 

 a Fleming, whose name is not mentioned, who was remarkable for his 

 pictures of spectres, incantations, and such subjects ; and young Tre- 

 visani executed a very good picture in the same style in his eleventh 

 year. He afterwards became the scholar of Antonio Zanchi at Venice, 

 and painted in his style for some time : he then studied the works of 

 the great Venetian masters, and distinguished himself by several fine 

 pictures in the Venetian manner, which he painted at Venice whilst 

 still young. Being a man of striking personal appearance, and very 

 accomplished in several polite arts, he went much into society, and he 

 won the affections of a noble young Venetian lady, with whom he 

 eloped and married, and he went with her to Rome, to avoid the con- 

 sequences of the resentment of her family. At Rome, Trevisani was 

 fortunate enough to find a valuable patron in the Cardinal Flavio 

 Chigi, nephew of Pope Alexander VII., for whom he executed several 

 works, and who procured him the title of Cavaliere from the pope. 

 He was much employed also by the Duke of Modena, then Spanish 

 ambassador at the court of Rome, for whom he made several copies 

 after celebrated pictures by Correggio, Parmegiano, and Paul Veronese. 

 After the death of Cardinal Chigi he was much patronised by Cardinal 

 Ottobuoni, for whom he painted an excellent picture of the Slaughter 

 of the Innocents. Trevisani' s works are numerous in Rome; he 

 painted also for many other cities, and for foreign countries ; he exe- 

 cuted some pictures for Peter the Great of Russia. He died in 1746, 

 aged ninety. 



After his arrival in Rome he forsook the Venetian manner of 

 painting, and adopted that which prevailed in Rome at that period, 

 which consisted chiefly in the imitation of Guido, Domcnichino, and 

 others of the Carracci school. But Trevisani painted in many styles, 

 and iu almost every line history in large and small figures, portraits, 

 animals, sea pieces, landscapes, architecture, and flowers ; he could 

 imitate well a picture by any master. His best pictures are a good 

 deal in the style of Guido ; his composition is grand, aud his chiar'- 

 oscuro forcible, his execution free and bold, and his drawing generally 

 correct and graceful; but bin chief excellence consisted iu a purity 

 and brilliancy of colouring. His best pictures are, a Crucifixion, in 

 the church of San Silvestro in Capite ; a San Francesco, in the church 

 of San Francesco delle Sagre Stimate ; Saint Joseph dying, in the 

 church of the Collegio Reale ; and a Prophet, in the church of Sau 

 Giovanni Laterano ; and the cupola of the cathedral of Urbino, 

 painted for Clement XI. The Albicini family at Forli possessed in 

 the time of Lanzi various specimens of his different styles, amongst 

 them a Crucifixion, in which the figures were very small but elaborately 

 painted, which Trevisani is said to have considered his best picture, 

 and to have offered a large sum for its re-purchase. 



TREVOR, SIR JOHN, Knight, a secretary of state in the reign of 

 Charles II., was born iu 1626, and was the eldest son of Sir John 

 Trevor, Knight, of Trevallin in Denbighshire, aud descended from an 

 ancient Welsh family. Anthony Wood, in recording his appointment 

 as secretary of state, says of him and his father that they were both 

 " halters in the rebellion, and adherers to the usurper." (' Athenao 

 Oxonienses,' vol. iii., col. 1089.) The father had been a member of 

 the Long Parliament, but supported the measures which led to the 

 Restoration. After this event the son became a gentleman of the 

 bedchamber in Charles II.'s courb, and in February 1668 was sent as 

 special envoy to France, to carry out the object of the treaty called 

 the Triple Alliance, namely, a peace between France and Spain. 

 (Dalrymple's 'Memoirs,' Appendix, p. 6.) He negociated the provi- 

 sional treaty, which was signed at St. Germain-en- Laye, on the 15th of 

 April 1668, and which received its full confirmation and development 

 in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the 2nd of May 1668. After his 

 return to England he was knighted, and in September appointed 

 secretary of state in the room of Sir W. Morrice. He obtained this 

 appointment through the influence of the Duke of Buckingham, who 

 had then attained to the chief favour with the king. (Pepys's ' Diary,' 

 vol. iv., p. 166.) 



Two different stories have been transmitted as to the mode in which 

 Trevor's appointment was brought about ; but both equally illustrate 

 the custom of the time. Sir William Temple writes to Lord Arling- 

 ton, "They will have it that the king lays down eight thousand pounds 

 to bring this about, which is a good bargain both for him that comes 

 in and him that goes off." (' Temple's Letters to the Earl of Arling- 

 ton and Sir John Trevor, &c.,' published by D. Jones, Gent., 1669, 

 p. 10.) Pepys however had an informant, " who for nevs tells me for 

 certain that Trevor do come to be secretary at Michaelmas and that 



