1G3 



THIBOLO, NICOLO DL 



T1UEWALD, MARTIN. 



166 



In the same year lie commenced a similar publication of garden 

 flowers, entitled ' Aincenissima) Florura Imagines,' which was carried 

 on to six decades. In 1757 he published ' Cedrorum Libani Historia 

 et Charncter Botanicus, cum illo Laricis, Abietis, Pinique comparatus,' 

 4to, Niirnberg, with plates by Ehret ; the second part appeared ten 

 years afterwards. He also published a much improved edition of 

 Blackwell's 'Herbal,' in English and German, with an appendix of 

 new plants. Having made the acquisition of the wooden plates left 

 by Gesner, he gave an impression of two hundred and sixteen figures 

 of plants from them, under the title of ' Iconea posthumse Gesne- 

 rianso,' 1748. 



TRI'BOLO, NICOLO DI, an able sculptor, born at Florence in 

 1500, was originally brought up to the trade of a carpenter, but 

 becoming acquainted with Sansovino [SANSOVINO], he studied under 

 him. The firat work on which he was employed after quitting that mas- 

 ter was two statues of sibyls for the front of San Petronio at Bologna, 

 which figures (represented in Cicognara's work) at once stamped 

 bin reputation. For the doors of the same church he also executed 

 some bas-reliefs of great merit. The pestilence at Bologna in 1525 

 caused him to leave that city, but he soon returned, to it, and remained 

 till the death of his patron, Bartolommeo Barbazzi, induced him to 

 remove from it, and to go to Pisa, where he was employed by the 

 sculptor Pietrosanta. While at Pisa he was commissioned by Gio. 

 Batt. della Palla, who was collecting works of art for Francis I., to 

 execute a statue of Nature, which on being sent to Fontainebleau, was 

 admired as a choice production of art. He employed his talents less 

 honourably when, on Florence being besieged by Clement VIL, in 

 1529, he treacherously furnished that pope with plans and models of 

 the city and its outworks. His services on that occasion obtained him 

 Clement's patronage, who among other things employed him to assist 

 Michel Angelo in the sculptures intended for the chapel of San 

 Lorenzo ; and he had begun two figures intended for the tomb of 

 Giuliano de' Medici, one representing Earth, the other Heaven, when 

 he was disabled from proceeding with them by an attack of ague, and 

 hardly was he recovered when the pope's death put a stop to the work. 

 He was afterwards employed by the grand-duke Cosmo I. in laying 

 out the gardens and designing the fountains and statues of the Villa 

 di Castello, near Florence, of which extensive scheme of embellish- 

 ment a very minute account is given by his friend and biographer 

 Vasari. But although commenced, it was prosecuted but slowly; 

 which Vasari imputes in some measure to Tribolo's own remissness ; 

 nor was it ever completed. On purchasing the Palazzo Pitti, Cosmo 

 engaged Tribolo to improve the gardens and decorate them with 

 statues, &c. ; but hardly had he commenced his labours when he was 

 seized with an illness that carried him off on the 7th of September 

 1550. (Vasari, Vite; Cicognara, Storia de Scoltura.) 



TRIBONIANUS, a Roman jurist, mainly instrumental in the com- 

 pilation of the code of Justinian, was a native of Pamphylia, and his 

 father was from Macedonia. His learning was most extensive : he 

 wrote upon a great variety of subjects, was well versed both in Latin 

 and Greek literature, and had deeply studied the Roman civilians, of 

 which he had a valuable collection in his library : " his genius," says 

 Gibbon, " like that of Bacon, embraced, as his own, all the business 

 and ttie knowledge of the age." He practised first at the bar of the 

 prrctorian prefects at Constantinople, became afterwards qurostor, 

 master of the imperial household, and consul, and possessed for above 

 twenty years the favour and confidence of Justinian. Owing to a 

 popular tumult, he was disgraced in A.D. 531, but he was shortly 

 restored, and continued in office till his death. Tribonianus was 

 appointed by Justinian, with nine other commissioners, to form the 

 first code named after that emperor ; and in 531 he was commissioned 

 with sixteen others to compile the Digest of the decisions of the 

 Roman civilians. The Digest, which by an imperial edict was to 

 supersede all previous text-books, and to have the force of law 

 throughout the empire, was promulgated in December 533. [Jusn- 

 NIANUS, FLAVIUS.] The revised edition of the Code, published in 

 December 534, was prepared by Tribonianus. Tribonianus died in 545. 

 His manners are said to have been remarkably mild and conciliating ; 

 he was a courtier, and fond of money, but in other respects he appears 

 to have been calumniated by his enemies. He was a superior man, 

 and most valuable to Justinian. 



TRIBU'NUS (Tpifiovvos), a celebrated physician, who was born in 

 Palestine, and lived in the 6th century after Christ. He is said by 

 Procopius (' De Bello Goth.,' lib. iv. cap. 10) and Suidas (in voce 

 Tpi/3owos) to have been one of the most skilful of his profession, and 

 is also described as being wise, temperate, and pious. Chosroea, king 

 of Persia, held him in such estimation, that when he was treating 

 about a peace with the emperor Justinian, in 546, he would not so 

 much as make a truce with him, except on the condition that Tribu- 

 nus, whose skill in physic he wanted and was acquainted with, should 

 be sent to him for one year ; and the historian remarks that as soon 

 as this was done a truce was concluded for five years. ('De Bello Pers.,' 

 lib. ii, cap. 28.) Tribunus had formerly cured Chosroes of an illness, 

 for which he was rewarded with great presents, and returned to his 

 own country. After the truce just mentioned he stayed a whole year 

 with Choeroes, who offered to give him whatever he demanded; instead 

 however of asking for money, he desired that some of the Romans 

 who were captives in Persia might be set at liberty. The king at his 



request not only released those whom he had particularly named, but 

 three thousand others besides, which made the name of Tribunus 

 famous throughout the whole extent of the empire. (Freind, Hitt. of 

 Physic.) 



*TRICOUPL or TRIKUPIS, SPIRIDION, the leading Greek 

 historian of the Greek War of Independence. When the unexpected 

 death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi in April 1814 produced a sensa- 

 tion throughout Europe, the name of Tricoupi became at once known 

 as that of tho author of a funeral oration on the poet, which was 

 composed and delivered at Missolonghi within two days after his 

 decease, and which was printed by order of the Greek government. 

 It was reported at the time that Tricoupi was connected with England 

 by having received his education at Eton. He has since been three 

 times ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from 

 Greece to this country, at first in 1838 and 1839, the second time from 

 1842 to 1844, and the third from 1852 to the present time (August 

 1857). His great work the ''Iffropia. -nyy 'EAATjw/crjs 'Eiravaffrafffus,' 

 or ' History of the Greek Insurrection,' is still in the course of publi- 

 cation from a London press, the firat volume having appeared in 1853, 

 and the third in 1856, bringing the history up to 1826, when the war 

 was approaching the decisive blow struck at the battle of Navarino. In 

 the ' Prolegomena ' the author informs us that he was encouraged to 

 publish the work by a liberal subscription of the Greeks in England. 

 He justifies the value to be attached to contemporary history, and the 

 confidence that may sometimes be placed in the impartiality even of 

 one who has been an actor in its scenes, by a reference to the illus- 

 trious example of Thucydides. The language in which the work is 

 composed may be described as composed entirely of ancient Greek 

 words, but the author has not carried his imitation of ancient Greek 

 so far as to introduce ancient inflections and forms of syntax remote 

 from those of the modern language. The tone of the narrative is 

 dignified and impartial with perhaps a deficiency in warmth. On the 

 whole the history must be regarded as a work of great value, which, 

 if it does not become the standard authority on the subject, will at 

 all events be one of the main sources of the future historian. It is to 

 be regretted however that M. Tricoupi's references to the sources of 

 his own statements are extremely scanty. 



TRIEWALD, MARTIN, an eminent Swedish engineer and mathe- 

 matician, was born at Stockholm in 1691, and educated in the German 

 school of that city. Being intended for a commercial life, he visited 

 England on the completion of his studies, to improve himself in such 

 branches of knowledge as might prove useful in his future career ; but 

 having met with some disappointments, and seeing little prospect of 

 success, he determined to embark for some distant part of the world. 

 He was deterred from so doing by forming an intimacy with Baron 

 Fabricius, the Holstein minister, who took him into his service as a 

 secretary, an engagement which led to his becoming better known, 

 and gave him an opportimity of acquiring the friendship of several 

 eminent persons, among whom was Sir Isaac Newton. Triewald was 

 subsequently engaged by the proprietor of some coal-pits near New- 

 castle to superintend the management of the colliery- works, a situation 

 for which he was qualified by his studies while in London, where he 

 had attended the lectures of Dr. Desaguliers on natural philosophy. 

 In this situation Triewald devoted his attention principally to mecha- 

 nics, and studied diligently those branches of the mathematics which 

 are most useful to an engineer. He had never before seen a steam- 

 engine; but he very soon made himself acquainted with the con- 

 struction of that machine, and introduced some improvements in it. 



In 1726, after an absence of ten years, he returned to his native 

 country, where he constructed a steam-engine, and read lectures on 

 natural philosophy, which he illustrated by experiments. These 

 lectures were well received, and recommended Triewald to the notice 

 of the king and of the states, who conferred upon him an annual 

 pension, with the title of director of machinery. He next turned his 

 attention to the improvement of the iron and steel works of Sweden, 

 and endeavoured to introduce superior processes in the manufacture of 

 iron. His zeal and diligence in this and other similar pursuits pro- 

 cured him a commission as captain of engineers and inspector of 

 fortifications ; and while acting in that capacity he invented various 

 machines, which are still, or were not many years since, preserved in 

 the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. Several similar memorials of 

 his talent were also deposited with the Academy of Lund. Among 

 the machines to which he directed his attention with a view to the 

 introduction of improvements was the diving-bell, on the use of which 

 he wrote a treatise, which was published at Stockholm in 1741 : an 

 account of the diving-bell constructed by him and used for several 

 years on the coasts of the Baltic was published in the ' Philosophical 

 Transactions,' vol. xxxix., p. 377. He invented a ventilator for the 

 expulsion of foul air from ships, &c., for which he received honorary 

 rewards from the King of Sweden and from the King of France ; 

 and he attended to agriculture and the naturalisation of foreign 

 plants. 



Triewald was one of the earliest members and promoters of the 

 Academy of Stockholm : in 1729 he was elected a member of the 

 Scientific Society at Upsal, and he received similar honours from 

 several other learned bodies, among which was the Royal Society of 

 London. He wrote several papers in the ' Memoirs of the Academy 

 of Stockholm ' for 1739, 17-10, and 1747; and also made several com- 



