173 



TROLLOPE, FRANCES. 



TROMP, MARTEN IIARPERTZOON. 



174 



had served in tho war "against Sertorius, and received the Roman 

 franchise, probably together with the name Pompeius, through the 

 influence of Cn. Pompeius. His father's brother had been commander 

 of a division of the Roman cavalry in the war against Mithridates, and 

 his father had served under Julius Caesar, by whom he was afterwards 

 employed as private secretary. Besides these general statements 

 furnished by Justin (xliii. 5 : compare Justini ' Prasfatio '), we know 

 nothing about Trogus Pompeius, except that he is called "a man of 

 antique eloquence and a most grave author." 



He was the author of a Universal History from the time of Niuus, 

 king of Assyria, down to the year B.C. 5. It bore the title ' Historise 

 Philippics et totius mundi origines et terras situs,' and consisted of 44 

 books. The original work is now lost, and the only means we have of 

 judging of its merit is an abridgment made by Justinus, which is still 

 extant; and from this it is clear that the author founded his work on 

 the best historical authorities that then existed. The name ' Historise 

 Philippics ' was probably chosen because the great body of the work, 

 from book 7 to book 41, contained the history of Macedonia and of 

 the kingdoms that were formed out of the great Macedonian empire, 

 as the founder of which Philip was regarded. The usefulness and con- 

 venience of Justinus's abridgment, although it is very unequal in exe- 

 cution, has probably been the cause of the loss of the original work. 

 The geography on which Trogus had treated at some length is entirely 

 lost, as the epitomiser has excluded it from his work. Pliny (' Nat. 

 Hist.' vii. 3 ; xi. 94) and some other writers mention a work by Trogus 

 on animals, which is entirely lost. 



(Vossius, De Ifistor. Lat., p. 98, &c. ; Bahr, Geschichte der Rom. Lit., 

 p. 409.) 



* TROLLOPE, FRANCES, English novelist, is the daughter of an 

 English clergyman, and was born in 1790. In 1809 she married 

 Anthony Trollope, Esq., barrister-at-law, by whose death at "Bruges in 

 1835, she was left a widow. A considerable period of her married 

 life was spent at Harrow, but in 1829 she went to America, where she 

 resided three years. Her experiences of America were given to the- 

 world in a work in two volumes, entitled ' Domestic Life of the 

 Americans,' published in 1 832, and which was much read, and caused 

 much criticism both in Britain and in America. Having made her 

 debut as an authoress in this work, Mrs. Trollope continued to write 

 with such industry and rapidity, that she has become perhaps the 

 most voluminous English authoress of tho day. A novel in three 

 volumes, entitled ' The Abbess,' and another, entitled ' The Refugee in 

 America,' appeared immediately after the first work ; and the follow- 

 ing is a list, very nearly complete, of her subsequent writings : 

 'Belgium and Western Germany in 1833,' 2 vols. 1834; 'The. Life 

 and Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw, or Scenes on the Mis- 

 sissippi,' 3 vols., 1836 ; 'Paris and the Parisians in 1835,' 2 vols., 1836 ; 

 'The Vicar of Wrexhill,' 3 vols.; ' Tremordyn Cliff,' 3 vols., 1838; 

 ' Vienna and the Austrians, with some account of a Journey through 

 Swabia, Bavaria, the Tyrol, and the Saltzbourg,' 2 vols., 1838 ; ' The 

 Widow Barnaby,' 3 vols., 1839; 'Life and Adventures of Michael 

 Armstrong, a Factory Boy,' 3 vols,, 1840; ' One fault : a novel,' 3 vols., 

 1840; 'The Widow Married; a sequel to 'The Widow Barnaby,' 

 3 vols., 1840 ; 'Charles Chesterfield, or the Adventures of a Youth of 

 Genius,' 3 vols., -1841 ; 'A Viait to Italy,' 2 vols., 1842; 'The Blue 

 Belles of England,' 3 vols., 1842; 'The Ward of Thorpe-Combe,' 3 

 vols., 1842 ; ' The Barnabys in America, or Adventures of the Widow 

 Married,' 3 vols., 1843; ' Hargrave, or the Adventures of a Man of 

 Fashion,' 3 vols., 1843; 'Jessie Phillips, a Tale of the present day,' 

 1844; 'The Lauringtons, or Superior People,' 3 vols., 1844; 'The 

 Attractive Man: a novel,' 3 vols., 1846; 'Travels and Travellers, a 

 series of Sketches,' 2 vols., 1846 ; 'The Robertses on their Travels,' 3 

 vols., 1846; 'The Three Cousins: a novel,' 3 vols.., 1847; 'Father 

 Eustace, a Tale of the Jesuits/ 3 vols., 1847 ; ' Town and Country,' 

 3 vols., 1848; 'The Lottery of Marriage,' 3 vols., 1849; 'The Old 

 World and the New : a novel,' 3 vols., 1849 ; 'Petticoat-Government: 

 a novel,' 3 vols., 1850 ; 'Mrs. Matthews, or Family Mysteries,' 3 vols., 

 1851; 'Second Love, or Beauty and Intellect,' 3 vols., 1851; 'Uncle 

 Walter,' 3 vols., 1852; 'The Young Heiress,' 3 vds., 1853; 'The 

 Life and Adventures of a Clever Woman,' 3 vols., 1854 ; ' Gertrude, or 

 Family Pride,' 3 vols., 1855 ; 'Fashionable Life, or Paris and London,' 

 3 vols., 1856. The subjects in this immense list indicate the nature of 

 Mrs Trollope's talent and style, and also the fact that much of her life 

 has been spent abroad and in travel ; of late she has resided in Italy 

 where also chiefly resides her son, Mr. T. ADOLPHUS TKOLLOPE, 

 some of whose writings have maintained the literary reputation of the 

 family. Among these are ' A Summer in Brittany,' in 2 vols., pub- 

 lished in 1840 under the editorial care of his mother; ' A Summer in 

 Western France,' 2 vole., published in 1841, also under his mother's 

 care; and more recently, and indicating his more matured literary 

 talent, ' Impressions of a wanderer in Italy, Switzerland, France, and 

 Spain,' 1850 ; and ' The Girlhood of Catherine de' Medici,' 1856. 



TROMP, MARTEN HARPERTZOON, the son of a Dutch naval 

 officer, was born at the Briel in 1 597. His father, who commanded a 

 ship in the fleet of Admiral Heemskerk, took the boy to sea with him 

 in 1607 ; and thus young Tromp was present at tho engagement 

 between the Dutch and Spanish fleets under the cannon of Gibraltar 

 on the 25th of April of that year, when the former gained a victory 

 and lost their admiral. Not long after, his father, while cruising off 



the coast of Guinea, was killed in an engagement with an English 

 cruiser, and his ship captured. Young Tromp was detained two years 

 and a half by his captors, and, it is said, was obliged to serve during 

 that time in the capacity of a cabin-boy. For some years after this 

 adventure his career was obscure : he is suid to have made several 

 voyages on board fishing and merchant-^eesels, but the accounts of 

 this part of his life are vague and the dates confused. In 1622 we 

 find him a lieutenant on board a ship of the line ; and two years later 

 Prince Maurice gave him the command of a frigate. 



In 1629 the celebrated admiral Peit Hcin hoisted his flag in the 

 vessel commanded by Tromp, who was esteemed the ablest navigator 

 in the fleet placed under the command of that veteran to cruise 

 against the Spaniards off the coast of Flanders. On the 20th of 

 August the admiral fell by the side of Tromp in an engagement in 

 which three Spanish ships were captured. About this time Tromp 

 retired from, active service in disgust : he imagined himself ill-used in 

 some misunderstanding regarding passes which arose between him and 

 the civil powers. It does not clearly appear whether he had been 

 before this incident an avowed partisan of the House of Orange, 

 or whether irritation against the opposite party drove him into 

 its arms. 



In 1637 the Stadtholder, Frederic Henry, created Tromp lieutenant- 

 admiral, and placed a squadron of eleven ships under his command. 

 With this fleet he in the course of 1637 and 1638 took so many ships 

 from the Spaniards that the States presented him with a gold chain, 

 and the king of France conferred upon him the order of St. Michel. 

 In April, 1639, Tromp again set sail to cruise against the Spaniards off 

 the coasts of France and England. After some affairs with English 

 vessels which had Spanish troops on board, on the 15th of September, 

 with only twelve ships in company, he had sight of a large Spanish 

 fleet off the coast of Sussex. On the 16th, Tromp, having been joined 

 by five more ships under Cornelis Van Witt, resolved to attack the 

 Spaniards, although they were still much superior to him in numbers. 

 A good many of the Spanish vessels were not brought into action. 

 About four in the afternoon the Spanish admiral made sail for the 

 north, and it was resolved in a council held on board Tromp's ship to 

 endeavour to force him to renew the fight on the morrow. Next day 

 a fog prevented this resolution being carried into effect. On the 18th, 

 Tromp, having received in the meantime an accession to his force of 

 fourteen vessels, again engaged the enemy, but without any decisive 

 result. It was the 13th of October before he could again come up 

 with the enemy, and by this time both parties were much strengthened. 

 Tromp had been joined by some ships of war from Zeeland and the 

 Maas and ten from Amsterdam, and the new comers brought with 

 them a considerable number of fireships. The Spanish admiral had 

 been joined by fleets from Portugal and Dunkirk. An English fleet, 

 respecting the intentions of which the Dutch were very uncertain, 

 was also in presence. Tromp, reinforced by Hartebeen and Denis, 

 took up his station over against the Spanish fleet; Van Witt and 

 Bakberts were appointed to keep watch over the motions of the 

 English : Evertz was opposed to the Portuguese admiral ; Catz to the 

 admiral of Dunkirk. The action commenced on the 21st. After a 

 sharp fight the ship of the Portuguese admiral was blown up, a 

 number of other vessels sunk or driven on shore, and Don d'Ocquendo 

 obliged to take refuge off Dunkirk with thirteen ships. Thirteen 

 richly laden galleons fell into the hands of the Dutch. 



Tromp also rendered important services to his country in the wars 

 of 1640 and 1641 ; but it was not till Cromwell had seized the helm of 

 government in England that he was again called upon to put forth all 

 his strength. Blake was appointed sole admiral of England for nine 

 months on the 25th of March, 1652, on the prospect of a war with 

 Holland. The first engagement between Blake and Tromp took place off 

 Dover. War had not been declared between the countries at the time ; 

 Tromp had been despatched with a fleet of forty sail to be on the alert, 

 and Blake was cruising in the narrow seas. The two commanders appear 

 to have roused their own and each other's passions by a succession of 

 bravadoes, until, losing all control over themselves, they set to fight in 

 earnest. Each in his despatches represented the other as having first 

 begun the action. Night separated the combatants ; the English had 

 their ships much cut up, and lost a good many men ; but the Dutch 

 lost two ships. It was galling to Tromp to be worsted by a com- 

 mander new to the sea ; and to add to his annoyance he was super- 

 seded by Ruyter and Van Witt. The States however soon found it 

 necessary to reinstate him in his command. 



On the 29th of November, 1652, he and Blake were again iu 

 presence. The Dutch fleet outnumbered the English, but Blake's 

 pride would not allow him to decline the contest : it was a war of 

 passion between the two proud and stubborn nations, and the com- 

 manders had made it a personal quarrel.' The fight began about two 

 in the morning and lasted till seven in the evening. The Garland and 

 Bonadventure were taken by the Dutch, who also sunk three English 

 frigates and burnt one. Blake, whose remaining ships were much 

 disabled, retired into the Thames. The Dutch had one ship blown 

 up, and the flag-ships of Tromp and Ruyter were rendered unfit for 

 service till they had been repaired. After this success Tromp sailed 

 up the Channel with a broom at his mast-head. Monk and Deanes 

 were joined in commission with Blake. They sailed from Queens- 

 borough with sixty men-of-war in February, 1653, and were joined by 



