101 



TULLUS HOSTILIUS. 



TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR, D.C.L. 



192 



The unhappy fate of the author of the system, and the loss sus- 

 tained by its principal abettors, threw such a discredit upon it, that 

 for a long time not even the most useful part of it was retained. Had 

 Tull introduced the row culture, as it is practised in Lombardy, from 

 which he borrowed some of his principal operations, and joined 

 judicious manuring with his horse-hoeing, he would have had the 

 merit of originating in England, at least, the greatly-improved system 

 of drill-husbandry which has since been generally adopted wherever it 

 can bo conveniently executed ; and the sowing of seeds broad-cast 

 would have long since been confined to artificial grasses, which, being 

 intended for pasture, cannot grow too closely together. The cleaning 

 of the soil from weeds, and the exposure of a great part of the surface 

 to the influence of the atmosphere, would have entirely superseded 

 fallows, and a proper application of manure would have kept up the 

 fertility. 



Tull published a treatise on his new mode of cultivation in 1731, in 

 which his principles were explained and calculations made, founded 

 on his early experiments, of the immense profit which would accrue in 

 the course of years by adopting his practice. Change of crop would 

 be no longer necessary ; rotations useless : the most profitable crops 

 oould be raised year after year without diminution ; and the soil be 

 kept in a state of perpetual fertility. Such were the visions of a man 

 of considerable abilities, led into error by his own sanguine imagina- 

 tion. Had the soil of Tull's farm been of a poor gravelly or sandy 

 nature, he would soon have discovered his error by a few experi- 

 ments; but working on a good deep loam, and continually keeping it 

 stirred and pulverised, it required a much longer time to exhaust it; 

 but at last it was completely exhausted, and the owner was ruined. 



Jethro Tull first published, in 1731, detached essays on his new 

 mode of cultivation, which were afterwards, in 1751, collected into one 

 volume, with copious notes by himself. 



In 1822 the late Mr. Cobbett edited a new edition of Tull's works, 

 with an introduction by himself, which, like everything written by 

 that perspicuous writer, is full of useful remarks. Cobbett fully appre- 

 ciated the value of the practical part of Tull's system, and strongly re- 

 c&mrnended it in his ' Cottage Economy.' He showed there, by reference 

 to actual experiments in a garden, how greatly the stirring of the soil 

 around the roots of growing plants assisted their growth, and the 

 advantage of allowing a certain space to every plant to admit of this 

 stirring. Tull had cultivated roots with great success according to his 

 system ; and as long as the organic matter in the soil was not exhausted, 

 the success fully proved the correctness of his practice. The greatest 

 obstacle which Tull had to contend with was the obstinacy of his 

 labourers, who thought him quite mad when he ordered them to sow 

 only two rows ten inches apart on u stitch of land four feet six inches 

 wide, leaving forty-four inches between each double row for the work- 

 ing of the plough. He was forced indeed to put his hand to the 

 plough himself. Whatever may have been the errors of Tull in 

 hastily adopting an erroneous theory, he has many excuses in the 

 received opinions of his time. 



TULLUS HOSTI'LIUS, the third king of Rome, reigned from 

 B.C. 673 to 641. He is called a grandson of Hostus Hostilius, who fell 

 in a battle against the Latins iu the reign of Romulus. His reign is 

 described as the very reverse of that of his predecessor, the pious and 

 peaceable Numa, and he himself as even more warlike than Romulus. 

 After the death of Numa the government was for a short time in the 

 hands of interreges, until Tullus Hostilius was elected in the comitia 

 of the Populus, and his election confirmed by the senate. The most 

 memorable event of his reign is the war with Alba, which is celebrated 

 in ancient story on account of the single combat between the Horatii 

 and Curiatii, and which was followed by the destruction of Alba, and 

 the establishment of the Roman plebs. The whole detail of the war 

 cannot be regarded as historical, and has all the appearance of a 

 poetical tradition. It is said to have arisen from predatory incursions 

 which the Albans made into the territory of Rome, and the llomans 

 into that of Alba. That there had existed a friendly relation between 

 the two towns before is implied in the statement that the Horatii and 

 Curiatii were related ; and even now war might have been avoided, if 

 it had not beeu for the cunning and the warlike character of Tullus, 

 who forced the Albans to it. The Albans encamped four miles from 

 Rome, and the trench which their king (dictator) Cluilius is said to 

 have formed was the beginning of the Fossa Cluilia. He died during 

 this invasion, and was succeeded by the dictator Mettus Fuffetius. 

 The hostile armies had been arrayed against one another for a long 

 time, when at last the Alban dictator proposed that the war should be 

 decided by a single combat. The fight of the Horatii and Curiatii 

 accordingly brought the war to a close, and Alba recognised the 

 supremacy of Rome, and promised to furnish its contingent to the 

 Koman armies. The formula; of the Fetial law, and the trial of one 

 of the Horatii for having slain his sister, contain some genuine and 

 important documents of the olden time of Rome. (Livy, i. 24-26.) Iu 

 the war of Tullus Hostilius against Fidense, which was supported by 

 Veii, Mettus Fuffetius, according to the treaty between the two states, 

 joined the Roman army with his troops, but with the design of aban- 

 doning his ally, and going over to the enemy at the critical moment. 

 Tullus Hostilius discovered the treachery, and after the Fidenates and 

 Veientines were vanquished, he punished the treacherous dictator by 

 having him torn in pieces by two chariots to which he was fastened, 



and at the same time he sent out his legions with orders to 

 destroy the town of Alba, which, with the exception of its temples, 

 was accordingly razed to the ground. The inhabitants of Alba were 

 transferred to Rome, where the Ctelian hill was assigned to them as 

 their habitation. Several of the noble Alban families were incor- 

 porated with the Roman patricians, and the number of Roman equites 

 was likewise doubled, while the great mass of the Alban population 

 were treated as an inferior race, and formed the Roman plebs. When 

 Tullus Hostilius had thus strengthened his kingdom, a war arose 

 between the Romans and the Sabines, in which the Sabines were 

 defeated near the Silva Malitiosa. But after these successful under- 

 takings the gods afilicted Rome with a pestilence, which was preceded 

 by several awful prodigies. The king however continued his warlike 

 pursuits, until at last he was seized with the disease. In order to 

 propitiate the gods, he consulted the Commeutarii of Numa, which 

 contained rules about the manner in which the wrath of the gods was 

 to be appeased. He found the formula with which Numa had per- 

 formed his solemn sacrifices to Jupiter Elicius. Tullus Hostilius 

 attempted to do the same, and to call down the god, but he committed 

 a mistake in his use of the sacred formula, and the god iu his anger 

 destroyed the king and his whole house by lightning. 



This is the story of Tullus Hostilius as related by Livy (i. 22-32), 

 which bears much more traces of a genuine tradition than the detailed 

 and interpolated account in Dionysius (iii. 1, &c.) Respecting expla- 

 nations of the story, see Niebuhr, 'Hist, of Home,' i. 246, &c. ; 

 Maiden, Hist, of Rome,' p. 127, &c. 



TUNSTALL, JAMES, D.D., was born about 1710, and educated at 

 St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a 

 Fellow and tutor. In 1739 he obtained the rectory of Stunner in 

 Essex, and two years later he was appointed chaplain to Potter, arch- 

 bishop of Canterbury. In 1744 the University of Cambridge conferred 

 upon him the degree of D.D. After having held the office of chaplain 

 for several years, he received from the archbishop the rectory of Great 

 Chart in Kent, and the vicarage of Minster iu the Isle of Thanet. He 

 resigned both places in 1757 for the more lucrative vicarage of Roch- 

 dale in Lancashire, which was given him by Archbishop Button, to 

 whom he was related by marriage. He remained here until his death, 

 on the 2Sth of March 1772, although he was from the first much dis- 

 appointed iu the expectations which he had entertained concerning his 

 position at Rochdale. This disappointment, together with various 

 troubles in his family, is believed to have hastened his death. 



Dr. Tunstall was a man of a most amiable and humble character; 

 when he left the place of chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury it 

 was said of .him, that of all the humble men that had ever held that 

 office, he was the only one that remained humble when he left it. 

 He was a scholar of considerable ability, although he has not done 

 much. But there are some points which he has settled. The work 

 to which we allude is his letter to Dr. Middleton, ' Epistola ad Viruin 

 eruditem C. Middleton,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1741. In this letter he 

 questions the genuineness of the collection of the epistles between 

 Cicero and Brutus, entitled ' Epistolse ad Brutuni,' which Middle- 

 ton had made use of without any doubts as to their genuine- 

 ness, while, according to the opinion of Dr. Tunstall, he had not 

 paid sufficient attention to Cicero's letters addressed to his brother 

 Quintus and to Atticus. His views respecting the doubtful character 

 of the correspondence between Cicero and Brutus were further deve- 

 loped in an English essay, ' Observations on the present Collection of 

 Epistles between Cicero and Brutus.' These two dissertations have 

 so far settled the question respecting the authenticity of those epistles, 

 that all the subsequent editors of Cicero have regarded them at least 

 as very doubtful. The other works of Dr. Tuustall are of a theological 

 or theologico-political character: 1, 'A Sermon before the House of 

 Commons,' May 29, 1746, 4to; 2, 'A Viudication of the Power of the 

 State to prohibit Clandestine Marriages,' 1755, 8vo; 3, 'Marriage iu 

 Society stated, with some Considerations ou Government ;' 4, 'Aca- 

 demica, Part the First, containing Discourses upon Natural and Re- 

 vealed Religion, a Concio and a Thesis.' The second part of this work 

 did not appear during the author's lifetime; but it is generally 

 believed that the ' Lectures on Natural and Revealed Religion,' which 

 were edited after his death by his brother-in-law, the Rev. Mr. Dods- 

 worth, were intended by the author to form part the second of 

 his ' Academica.' In the British Museum there exists a collection 

 of letters forming the correspondence between Tunstall and the Earl 

 of Oxford, in the years 1738 and 1739, on the subject of Ducket's 

 atheistical letters. 



* TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR, D.C.L., F.R.S., is the eldest 

 son of the late Martin Tupper, Esq., surgeon, of New Burlington- 

 street, London, where he was born in 1810. His family, which was 

 banished from Hesse Cassel in the persecution of the Protestants 

 under Charles V., had been settled for many generations in the island 

 of Guernsey ; and his immediate ancestor caused the victory at La - 

 Hogue, by giving secret intelligence to the British admiral of the 

 position of the French fleet at great personal risk and danger, and 

 afterwards led the marines at the affair of Bunker's Hill. The 

 subject of this memoir received his education at the Charter House 

 and at Christchurch, Oxford, where he graduated in 1831, and was 

 shortly afterwards called to the bar. His first publication was a small 

 volume of religious poems, given to the world anonymously in 1832, 



