209 



TURSELLINUS, HORATIUS. 



TQTILO. 



210 



lieutenants-general in 1792. He was one of the emigration, and is 

 supposed to have died iu Germany in such obscurity, that both the 

 lime and place of his death are unknown. His wife died before him, 

 in the year 1785 : it does not appear that they had any family. 



Active service did not withdraw his attention from the literature of 

 his profession. M. Weiss (who alone has endeavoured to throw some 

 light on the personal history of Turpin de Crisse") mentions, in the 

 'Biographic Universelle,' ' Commentaires sur les Memoires do Monte- 

 cuculi,' published in 1769; and 'Commentaires sur les Institutions de 

 Ve'gece,' published in 1770. M. Weiss says of the former, that Turpin 

 de Crissd confines himself for the most part to the task of explaining 

 his author; of the latter, that the commentator confines himself to 

 the first three books of Vegetius, but throws out many suggestions in 

 his notes, which have been adopted without acknowledgment. The 

 ' Commeutaires de Ce"sar, avec des Notes historiques, critiques, et 

 militaires,' mentioned also by M. Weiss as published in 1785, is a 

 reprint of Clarke's text of the ' Commentaries,' with Wailly's trans- 

 lation (altered in a few places by the Count) in opposite columns, 

 numerous notes, and plans of battles. The military remarks of the 

 editor are the most valuable part of this edition. 



The only works of Turpiu de Crisse' we have seen the ' Essay on 

 the Art of War,' and the ' Notes on Caasar' indicate extensive reading 

 in the author, and a sobriety of judgment for which the story of his 

 entry and retreat from La Trappe scarcely prepares the reader. The 

 value of his writings, as expositions of military theory, may be 

 inferred from the predilection evinced for them by Frederic the Great 

 of Prussia. 



TURSELLI'NUS, HORATIUS, a learned Jesuit, whose real name 

 was Torsellino. He was born at Rome in 1545, and belonged to a dis- 

 tinguished family of that city. He devoted himself from early youth 

 with indefatigable zeal to classical studies. In 1562 he entered the 

 order of the Jesuits. He afterwards taught in the institutions of his 

 order at Florence and Loretto, and in 1579 he was appointed rector of 

 the seminary of the Jesuits at Rome, in which office he continued to 

 exercise a very beneficial influence for twenty years, down to his death 

 on the 6th of April 1599. 



Tursellinus was one of the best Latin scholars that have ever lived, 

 and his work on the Latin particles is still the best book on that 

 subject. His principal works are: 1, 'DeVita S. Francisci Xaverii 

 Libri Sex,' Rome, 1594, the best edition of which is that of 1596, 4to : 

 the work is of great interest, not only on account of the distinguished 

 man who is the subject of it, but also because it contains much 

 information about the missions of that time. It has been translated 

 into nearly all the modern languages of Europe. 2, ' Historia Laure- 

 tana, lihri quinque,' 4to, Rome, 1597. This is a history of the 

 miraculous image of the Virgin Mary at Loretto. 3, ' De Usu Par- 

 ticularum Latini Sermonis,' 12mo, Rome, 1598. This very excellent 

 work was reprinted and edited, with additions and corrections, by J. 

 Thomasius in 1673, and by J. C. Schwarz in 1719 ; it is al-o printed in 

 the English edition of Facciolati's 'Lexicon totius Latinitatis :' the 

 best edition is that of Hand, 8vo, Leipzisr, 1829. 4, 'Epitome Histo- 

 riarum a Mundo Condito ad annum 1598.' This work is a universal 

 history, in ten books, written in the Italian language. Although it is 

 very brief, it has always been held in high esteem, and has not only 

 been continued by several subsequent editors, but also translated into 

 several other languages. 



(For a more detailed account of the Life of Tursellinus, see R. 

 Retelius, who has incorporated his work on the Latin particles in his 

 Scriptores de eleyantiori Latinitate Selecti ; and compare Alegambe, 

 Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu ; Mandosius, Biblioiheca Romana.) 

 *TURTON, WILLIAM, M.D., a distinguished naturalist. He 

 resided at Swansea, in South Wales, where he practised his profession 

 and cultivated with great ardour the pursuit of natural history. One 

 of his earliest works was 'The British Fauna, containing a com- 

 pendium of the Zoology of the British Islands.' The first volume was 

 published at Swansea in 1807. It embraced a description of the 

 families, genera, and species of British animals, in a neat duodecimo 

 volume, and the author intended to publish in subsequent volumes an 

 account of the plants and minerals of Great Britain. The intention 

 seems never to have been fulfilled. In 1819, he published ' A Con- 

 chological Dictionary of the British Islands,' in which he gives an 

 account of the structure and localities of the mollusca of Great 

 Britain. He subsequently published at Exeter, in 1822, a larger 

 work with illustrations, in 4to, entitled ' Conchylia Insularum Britan- 

 nicarum, or the Shells of the British Islands systematically arranged.' 

 In 1830 he published the ' Bivalve Shells of the British Islands, syste- 

 matically arranged.' In 1831 appeared his 'Manual of the Land and 

 Fresh- Water Shells of the British Islands,' a work so well adapted for 

 the study of the creatures to which it was devoted, that a second 

 edition, edited by Dr. John Edward Gray, of the British Museum, ap- 

 peared in 1840. Dr. Turton contributed several papers to the 'Maga- 

 zine of Natural History,' chiefly devoted to the description of new 

 British shells. He became a Fellow of the Linnsean Society in 1809. 



TUSSER, THOMAS. The amusing poetical autobiography of this 

 quaint writer, although it forms almost the only source of information 

 respecting his personal history, is unfortunately deficient of dates. 

 Warton supposes his birth to have taken place about 1523 ; but in the 

 biography prefixed to Dr. Mavor's edition of his book it is shown from 

 BIOG. DIV. VOL. VI. 



several circumstances that 1515 is a more probable date. He wag 

 born at Rivenhall, near Withura, in Essex, of a family which is re- 

 corded as bearing arms in the heralds' visitation in 1570 : he was 

 taught singing at an early age, and became a chorister in the collegiate 

 chapel of Wallingford Castle, where he had to endure coarse fare aud 

 rough treatment, and from whence he was removed by impressment, 

 according to a barbarous custom formerly existing, by which boys 

 might be forcibly removed from any choir for the service of the royal 

 chapel. After being for some time compelled, as he says, " to serve 

 the choir, now there, now here," he was admitted into St. Paul's, 

 where he profited by the instruction of John Redford, then organist of 

 that cathedral. From St. Paul's he went to Eton, where he experienced 

 some severity from the master, Nicholas UdalL He subsequently 

 removed to Cambridge : after which he returned to court, and appears 

 to have been a retainer in the family of William lord Paget. When ho 

 had spent ten years at court, probably engaged in his musical capacity, 

 he married, and became a farmer at Katwade, now Cattiwade, in 

 Suffolk, where he wrote his celebrated work on husbandry, of which 

 the first edition appeared in 1557, entitled ' A Hundreth Good Pointeg 

 of Husbandrie.' After several other changes of residence, and marry- 

 ing a second time, Tusser returned to London, whence, about 1574, he 

 wont to Trinity College, Cambridge ; in order to escape from the 

 plague. He is supposed to have returned to London, where he died, 

 about 1580, or between that year and 1585. After passing through 

 several editions, his work appeared in an enlarged form in 1573, under 

 the following title ' Fiue Hundreth Points of Good Husbandry, 

 vnited to as many of Good Huswiferie,' &c., ' Set forth by Thomas 

 Tusser, gentleman, seruant to the honourable Lord Paget, of Beude- 

 sert.' This work was many times reprinted, with various alterations ; 

 but most of the early editions are rare, probably on account of the 

 copies being worn out with frequent use. Dr. Mavor reprinted it in 

 1812, together with a list of all the known editions, and such informa- 

 tion as he could collect respecting the author. Fuller says of him, in 

 his ' Worthies of Essex,' that he " was successively a musician, school- 

 master, serving-man, husbandman, grazier, poet, more skilful in all 

 than thriving in any vocation. He traded at large in oxen, sheep, 

 dairies, grain of all kinds, to no profit. Whether he bought or sold, 

 he lost ; and, when a renter, impoverished himself, and never enriched 

 his landlord." " Yet," he adds, " hath he laid down excellent rules in 

 his book of husbandry and huswifry (so that the observer thereof 

 must be rich) in his own defence." It is written in familiar verse, in 

 numerous detached chapters, and with much variety of measure ; and 

 it is, as observed by Warton, who styles Tusser the British Varro, 

 '' valuable as a genuine picture of the agriculture, the rural arts, and 

 the domestic economy and customs of our industrious ancestors." The 

 life of the author, which forms by no means the least amusing part of 

 the book, appears to have been first printed with the edition of 1573. 



TU'TILO, a celebrated monk of the latter part of the 9th century, 

 of the convent of St. Gall in Switzerland. Tutilo and Notker, of the 

 same convent, were the most celebrated painters, sculptors, and gold- 

 workers of their time in Germany. Tutilo was a universal genius, 

 and not only an artist : he was musician, poet, orator, and statesman. 

 Ekkehard, junior, an old German Latin writer, thus describes him : 

 " Erat enim valde eloqueus, voce clara et dulci, csclaturas elegans, pic- 

 turse artifex, ac mirificus aurifex, musicus," c. The emperor Charles 

 the Thick complained that such a man should be shut up in a convent. 

 Tutilo was contemporary with the abbot Salomo of St. Gall 

 (891-921), who was a great patron of the arts, and he made for him a 

 golden crucifix, richly ornamented with bas-reliefs and precious stones. 

 He made also a celebrated sitting image of the Virgin Mary, in gold, 

 for a church at Metz, by which he acquired great celebrity : it bore 

 the inscription, "Hoc panthema pia cajlaverat ipsa Maria." One 

 account says painted. This image or painting was venerated at Metz. 

 In the church of St. Otmahr, also at St. Gall, the altar of St. Gall was 

 decorated with some copper plates, on which the life of the saint was 

 engraved or carved by Tutilo. He is said to have died in 896, and 

 this date is twice repeated by Fiorillo; yet he calls him a monk of the 

 10th century. Other writers also call him a monk of the 10th century. 

 Lessing and some others have supposed that Tutilo, or Tuotilo, as his 

 name is also written, and the Theophilus Presbyter who wrote a 

 treatise in Latin upon oil-painting and other arts in or about the 10th 

 century, were the same person, but there really seems to be no sufficient 

 ground for this opinion. There are manuscripts of the old treatise by 

 the monk Theophilus, more or less complete, at Wolfenbuttel, Leipzig, 

 Paris, in the British Museum, and at Cambridge. An entire copy of 

 the Wolfenbuttel manuscript was printed in 1781 at Brunswick, in the 

 sixth number of Lessing's ' Beitrage zur Geschichte und Litteratur," 

 and by Comte Ch. de 1'Escalopier, Paris, 1843 ; and (with an English 

 translation and notes) by Mr. R. Hendrie, jun., from the manuscript in 

 the British Museum, London, 1847. The treatise is in three books, 

 and is known under the title ' Theophili Presbyteri Diversarum Artium 

 Schedula}' also 'De omni Scientift Artia Pingendi ; ' but it treats of 

 other arts besides painting. The authenticity of this work has been 

 doubted by some, who have confounded the invention of Van Eyck 

 with that of simply using oil as a vehicle for pigments. This subject 

 has been entered into at length by Raspe, in a ' Critical Treatise on 

 Oil-Painting,' published in London in 1787; by Knirini, in a work 

 entitled 'The Resin-Painting of the Ancients' (' Harzmalerei der 



p 



