211 



TWEDDELL, JOHN. 



TYCHSEN, OLAUS GERHARD. 



212 



Alten '), Leipzig, 1839 ; in Cte de 1'Escalopier's 'Thdophile, Pretre et 

 Moine, Essai sur divers Arts;' in Mr. Hendrie's translation, noticed 

 above ; and in Eastlake's ' Materials for a History of Oil-Painting,' 

 London, 1847. Various old notices of Tutilo are printed in the 

 'Rerum Alemannicarum Scriptores,' &c., of Goldast. 



TWEDDELL, JOHN, was born on the 1st of June 1769, at Threep- 

 wood, near Hexham, in Northumberland, where his father Francis 

 Tweddol was a much-respected magistrate. His early education was 

 conducted by his mother, who is much praised for her piety and 

 maternal affection. At the asje of nine he was sent to a school at Hart- 

 ford, near Richmond, in Yorkshire, which was then conducted by the 

 Rev. Matthew Raine, who watched and directed the studies of young 

 Tweddell with anxious care. After he had left school, and before 

 entering the University of Cambridge, he studied for somj time under 

 Dr. Samuel Parr, who made his pupil familiar with the best writers of 

 antiquity, and at the same time secured his permanent esteem and 

 attachment. Tweddell gained the highest classical honours in the 

 University of Cambridge, and in 1792 he was elected a fellow of 

 Trinity College. His ' Prolusiones Juveniles,' which he published the 

 year after (1793), show the extent and versatility of his powers, and 

 raised at the time great expectations of the young scholar. His own 

 inclination would have led him to devote himself to classical learning, 

 or, as some of his letters suggest, to a diplomatic career; but in 

 deference to his father, who wished that he should study the law 

 although this profession was altogether against his taste he entered 

 the Midde Temple. Here--he devoted himself to his new pursuits 

 with as much application as his aversion to them would allow him. 

 At last however he seems to have been unable to continue his studies, 

 and made up his mind to travel for some years in order to prepare 

 himself for a different course of life, and to acquire a knowledge of 

 the courts of Europe and their several systems of policy. Accordingly 

 he embarked for Hamburg on the 24th of September 1795. He 

 travelled through the north of Europe, Switzerland, and thence east- 

 ward into Asia, where he visited among other parts the Crimea and 

 the coasts of the Euxine. Thence he proceeded to several islands of 

 the Archipelago, and to Athens, where he took up his residence for 

 some months. With the most ardent zeal he explored and described 

 the remains of ancient art and architecture, and employed a distin- 

 guished French artist of the name of Preaux in making drawings for 

 him. But in the midst of these pursuits he died, on the 25th of July 

 1799, after a short illness, and was buried within the precincts of the 

 temple of Theseus. A monument was erected on his grave, with a 

 Greek inscription, by the Rev. Robert Walpole. 



During the whole time of his travels Tweddell kept a diary, in 

 which he recorded everything remarkable he met with, intending on 

 his return to England to publish an account of his travels, together 

 with some of the drawings made by Preaux. After his death 

 his friends accordingly made all possible efforts to get his effects, 

 manuscripts, and drawings over to England. A great number of 

 manuscripts, together with upwards of 300 highly-finished drawings, 

 were actually forwarded from Athens to Constantinople, and intrusted 

 to the care of the English ambassador there, but nothing ever reached 

 this country, and all iuvestigations that have been instituted by the 

 friends of Tweddell have remained without any result. The only 

 memorial which remains of his travels is a number of letters addressed 

 to his friends in England, which were published by his brother the 

 Rev. Robert Tweddell, under the title ' Remains of the late John 

 Tweddell, &c., being a Selection of his Letters from various parts of 

 the Continent, together with a re-publication of his " Prolusiones 

 Juveniles,"' 4to, London, 1815. This collection of letters is preceded 

 by a memoir of the author, by his brother Robert, who has drawn a 

 most charming picture of the amiable, pure, and modest character of 

 his brother, which is perfectly borne out by the spirit that pervades 

 these letters. Respecting the loss of the manuscripts and drawings, 

 nnd all that was said about the. matter at the time, see the 'British 

 Critic,' vol. v. 



TWINING, THOMAS, the only son of a tea-merchant by his first 

 wife, was born in 1734. His father wished his son to succeed him in 

 his business, but as Thomas had an invincible desire to devote him- 

 eelf to study, his father gave way to him and sent him to Cambridge, 

 where he entered Sidney College. Here he distinguished himself 

 not only as a scholar, but by his practical as well as theoretical know- 

 ledge of music : he was an able performer on the harpsichord, the 

 organ, and the violin, and few persons knew more about the history 

 and science of the art than Twining. In 1760 he took his degree of 

 B.A., and three years later that of M.A. In 1768 he became rector of 

 White Notlpy in Essex, to which, in 1770, the living of St. Mary, 

 Colchester, was added. To this latter appointment he was presented 

 by Dr. Lowth, then bishop of London, without any other recommen- 

 dation than that of his personal character. Henceforth he devoted 

 himself without any desire of further preferment to the faithful 

 discharge of his parochial duties and to the pursuit of study, until 

 his death, on the 6th of August 1804, at the age of seventy. 



Twining was a man of considerable learning and of great taste in 

 the arts, especially poetry and music. He had a good knowledge of 

 the ancient languages, and is said to have spoken and written French 

 and Italian with the same correctness and fluency as his mother 

 tongue. In the performance of his clerical duties he was most con- 



scientious, and during the last forty years of his life he scarcely ever 

 allowed himself to be absent from his parishioners more than a fort- 

 night in a year, although his society was very much courted. The 

 only work that Twining ever published is a translation of Aristotle's 

 ' Poetics/ which is reckoned one of the best English translations of 

 ancient writers. It was published under the title ' Aristotle's Treatise 

 on Poetry translated, with Notes on the Translation and on the 

 Original; and two ' Dissertations on Poetical aud Musical Imitation,' 

 London, 4to, 1789. A second edition, with some improvements and 

 additions by the author, was edited by his nephew, Daniel Twining, 

 London, 2 vols. 8vo, 1812. Hia notes and dissertations are worthy of 

 the attention of every one who studies the theory of poetry and music. 



TWINING, WILLIAM, was born in Nova Scotia, and passed the 

 early part of his life there, serving an apprenticeship to Dr. John 

 Halliburton, a medical practitioner at Halifax. His medical education 

 was completed in London, and, after becoming a member of the 

 College of Surgeons, he entered the medical department of the army 

 in 1812. After being employed for some time in the military hospital 

 at Hilsea, he served for a short time in the Peninsula, and in 1815, 

 after another service at Hilsea, joined the army in the Netherlands, 

 and returned with his regiment in 1818. He remained in Eni:l;m>i, 

 doing duty at different stations, till 1821, when he went to Ceylon, 

 and after residing there for a short time, accompanied the governor, 

 Sir Edward Paget, to India. In 1823 he was placed, at his own 

 request, on half-pay, and in 1830 he resigned his commission, and 

 entered into private practice at Calcutta, where he was appointed one 

 of the surgeons to the civil hospital, and died in high reputation and 

 esteem in 1835. 



Mr. Twining wrote numerous papers in the ' Transactions of the 

 Medical Society of Calcutta,' of which he was secretary, and one of 

 the most active members, and other short essays ; but his chief work 

 was his 'Clinical Illustrations of the more important Diseases of 

 Bengal, with the result of an Enquiry into their Pathology and Treat- 

 ment,' Calcutta and London, 2 vols. 8vo, 1832 and 1835. He was 

 recommended to undertake this work by the heads of the medical 

 department at Bengal ; and it has been, ever since its publication, a 

 book of the highest authority on all the questions of which it treats, 

 and one of the few composing the libraries of the medical officers in 

 the Indian army. 



TWISS, RICHARD, an English tourist, who died in London at an 

 advanced age, on the 5th of March 1821. Born to an independent 

 fortune, he indulged his taste for travelling in an extensive tour, which 

 embraced Holland, Belgium (then the Austrian Netherlands), France, 

 Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Bohemia, and was completed in 

 1770. Before setting out on his foreign travels he had visited Scot- 

 land. In 1772 he undertook a voyage to Spain and Portugal, and in 

 1775 he went to Ireland. He re-visited France at the time of the 

 Revolution. The subsequent years of his life were devoted to litera- 

 ture and the fine arts, of which, especially of music, he was an admirer. 

 He materially injured his estate by entering into a speculation for 

 making paper from straw. His published works are : Travels 

 through Portugal and Spain in 1772 and 1773-4,' London, 1775; 'A 

 Tour in Ireland in 1775-8,' London, 1776; 'The Game of Chess; 

 being a compilation of Anecdotes and Quotations relative to the game 

 of Chess,' 8vo, London, 1787; 'A trip to Paris in July and August, 

 1792, 8vo, London, 1793; 'Miscellanies,' Svo, London, 1805. The 

 Travels through Spain and Portugal have been translated into French 

 and German. The tone of the Tour in Ireland provoked great wrath 

 in that country, and elicited 'An heroic Epistle from Donna Teiesa 

 Pauna y Ruiz, of Murcia, to 11. Twiss, with Notes by Himself,' pub- 

 lished at Dublin in 1776. 



TYCHO BRAKE'. [BRAHE, TYCHO.] 



TYCHSEN, OLAUS GERHARD, a celebrated Orientalist, was born 

 at Tondern in Schleswig, on the 14th of December 1734. His father 

 was a tailor, in very poor circumstances, but with the assistance of 

 some benevolent friends he was enabled to allow his son, who evinced 

 considerable talent, to devote himself to learned studies. Up to his 

 seventeenth year Olaus attended the grammar-school of his native 

 town, and thence went to the gymnasium at Altona, where the cele- 

 brated Maternus de Cila had great influence upon him, especially in 

 directing his attention to Oriental studies. In a short time Tychsen 

 made himself master of the Hebrew language, and with the peculiar 

 dialect spoken by the German Jews of all parts of Germany. Thua 

 prepared he went in 1756 to the University of Gottingen. J. H. 

 Callenberg, professor at Halle, was still actively engaged in his labours 

 for the conversion of Jews and Mohammedans to Christianity ; and 

 when Tychsen had finished his studies, he thought him a fit person to 

 engage in these undertakings. Tychsen was accordingly sent by 

 Callenberg, in 1759, on a journey through Germany aud Denmark. 

 In 1760 Callenberg died, and Tychsen returned without having con- 

 verted a single Jew. In this year the University of Rostock was 

 transferred to Biitzow, and Tychsen was invited as professor extra- 

 ordinary of Oriental literature; and three years later he obtained the 

 ordinary professorship in the same department. Here he began his 

 varied literary activity, which soon spread his name over all Europe. 

 A part of the professors had remained at Rostock on the transfer of 

 the university to Biitzow ; and as this would ultimately have led to 

 the establishment of two universities, a re-union of the two parts was 



