229 



ULPIANUS. 



ULYSSES. 



830 



The style of Uljiian is clear, but more diffuse than that of his great 

 contemporary Paulus. He was a man of ability, aud an accomplished 

 jurist. Ulpian and Paulus, with Cervidius Scaovola, are called by 

 Modestinus (Dig. 27, lib. 2, s. 13), who was Ulpian's pupil, the chief of 

 jurisconsults (Kopv<pawi riav vo^iniav) and his superior merit was fully 

 acknowledged in the time of Justinian, whose great compilation from 

 the writings of the Roman jurists, the 'Digest,' contains extracts 

 from twenty-three of Ulpiau's works : the proportion of the extracts 

 from Ulpian is about one-third of the whole compilation. 



A charge has been brought both against Paulus and Ulpian of being 

 hostile to Christianity. But the passage in Lactantius ('Div. Instit.,' 

 v. 11) which is cited in confirmation of this charge may not apply to 

 this Ulpian ; and. if it does, the passage is not decisive. 



Ulpian the Tyrian, as he is called in the Greek argument prefixed to 

 Athenaeus, is one of the speakers in the " Deipnosophists,' and he is 

 mentioned (p. 686, ed. Causaub.) as having died happily, "without 

 having given any time or opportunity to disease," which seems a sin- 

 gular way of referring to his death, if the circumstances were such as 

 above stated. But it is not certain that this Ulpian is the jurist. 



(Gul. Grotius, Vihe Jurisconsultorum, and Zimmern, Geschichte des 

 Rom. Privatrechts, where the authorities are referred to ; Lampridius, 

 Elagabalus and Alexander Severus ; Domitii Ulpiani Fragment a quibus 

 in Cod. Vat. inscriptum est Tituli ex Corpore Ulpiani, accedunt Frag- 

 tnenta ex Ulpiani Institutionibus, &c., iterum edidit. ed. Booking, 

 Bonn, 1836.) 



ULPIANUS (OuAiriai/os). Three persons of this name are men- 

 tioned by Suidas : 



ULPIAN of Emesa was a Sophist, and the author of various works, 

 among which was an ' Art of Rhetoric.' 



ULPIAN of Gaza was the brother of Isidore the philosopher, and had 

 a great reputation for mathematical ability at Athens, whence it may 

 be concluded that he taught or lived there. He was a contemporary 

 of Syrianus, and must therefore have lived in the 5th century, A.D. 

 He died young. No works of his are mentioned by Suidas. 



ULPIANUS of Antioch, a rhetorician, the contemporary of Constantino 

 the Great, is the reputed author of Prolegomena, and a Commentary 

 ('Etfyriffis) on the Olynthiac and two of the Philippic orations of De- 

 mosthenes. There are also attributed to him Commentaries on the 

 Orations of Demosthenes, commonly called ' Symbuleutici,' and on the 

 ' Oration on the Crown,' the ' Oration against Leptines,' and others. 

 These Commentaries are printed in Dobson's ' Collection of the Attic 

 Orators,' and in other editions. They were first printed by Aldus, fol., 

 Venice, 1503, with the ' Lexicon of Harpocration,' entitled, QvX-niavov 

 p^ropoy Trpo\fy6/j.fva, eis Tour 'O\w6iaKovs Ka.1 $t\nrTriKovs Arj/jioffOevovs 

 \6yovs. 'EtfyrifTLS avayKaioTa-rri els Se/ca rpe?s rov Aij/xocrfleVofs \6yovs. 



It is not certain that Ulpian of Antioch was the author of the 

 Commentaries on Demosthenes. Suidas attributes to him various 

 works, but does not mention the Commentaries. 



* ULRICI, HERMANN, was born on the 23rd of March 1806, at 

 Pforteu, in Lower Lusatia. He was educated in the public schools of 

 Leipzig and Berlin, in which towns his father had successively held 

 a government situation, and in 1824 he was entered at the University 

 of Halle to study law, in compliance with the wishes of his father. 

 He afterwards removed to the University of Berlin, and in 1827 com- 

 menced his professional career as a lawyer's clerk in Berlin, proceeding 

 in 1829 as referenda!' or practising barrister at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. 

 The law however had not sufficient charms to withdraw him from the 

 study of ancient history, poetry, and art, and the death of his father 

 towards the end of 1829 allowed him to secede from the profession 

 and to devote himself to his favourite pursuits. The first fruits of his 

 labour was the ' Charakteristik der autiken Historiographie,' in 1833. 

 In the same year he passed an examination in the University of Berlin, 

 and in the following year was created professor in that of Halle, 

 which thenceforward has become his permanent residence. His next 

 literary production was a ' Geschichte der hellenischen Dichtkunst ' 

 (History of the Poetical Art in Greece), published in 1835, which was 

 followed in 1839 by his work ' Uber Shakspeare's dramatische Werke, 

 und sein Verhaltniss zu Calderon und Gothe,' a work which has gone 

 through two editions in Germany, and has been translated into English. 

 Ulrici shows in this work a remarkably just and at the same time 

 poetical appreciation of Shakespere's merits, and he recognises his 

 superiority even to Gothe; but he has started an hypothesis which, 

 though supported by him with considerable ingenuity, appears to us 

 altogether baseless : that Shakspere had for an object the diffusion and 

 maintenance of a religious theory, which Ulrici contends was pre-emi- 

 nently Christian with a Protestant tendency. This theory he thinks he 

 traces as an under-current in nearly all of Shakspere's plays ; but the 

 proofs he produces belong rather, we believe, to exemplifications of 

 human character, which, though consonant to the doctrines of 

 Christianity, were not introduced for the purpose of supporting any 

 particular modification of it. In 1841 he published a work, 'Uber 

 Princip und Methode der Hegelischen Philosophic,' in which he 

 opposed the doctrines advocated by Hegel. At this period he appears 

 to have been much occupied with metaphysics. In 1845-46 he pub- 

 lished two volumes of 'Das Grundprincip der Philosophie,' and in 1852 

 a ' System der Logik.' In his latest work he seems to have recurred 

 to his favourite author, having published in 1853 an edition of 'Romeo 

 and Juliet,' with critical and explanatory remarks. 



ULUQ BEG. The real name of this prince was MIRZA MOHAMMED 

 TAROAI, but be is better known by the sirnamo of Ulug (or Ulugh) 

 Beg. He was the grandson of Timur, being the son of Shah llokh, 

 the son of Timur, and was born A.H. 796 (A.D. 1394). He governed 

 his father's territories as regent, his capital being Samarcand, from an 

 early age until A.H. 851 (A.D. 1447), when he succeeded to the throne 

 by his father's death. His life was marked by the usual military 

 successes, without which few Oriental princes of that time could keep 

 their thrones ; but as these are of little interest, and form none of hia 

 title to fame, we may omit the detail of them. He is said to have bad 

 the weakness to cast the horoscope of his eldest son Abdallatif, and, 

 from some suspicions of his fidelity derived from the stars, to have 

 preferred his younger brother. The consequence was that the elder 

 son revolted, defeated and took his father, whom he caused to be put 

 to death. Ulug Beg reigned in his own name only two years. 



The astronomical labours of this prince have handed down his name. 

 He was the founder of an observatory, and the patron of some of the 

 best astronomical tables among those which preceded the invention of 

 the telescope. It even appears that he was himself a diligent observer, 

 and in some, perhaps a great degree, the author of the tables which 

 bear his name. According to D'Herbelot, the tables were constructed, 

 under his name and authority, first by his former instructor, Salahed- 

 din Cadizadeh al Roumi, and after the death of that astronomer by 

 Gaiatheddin Mohammed Giamschid al Couscbgi. But the expressions 

 quoted by Hyde, from the preface, are difficult to reconcile with any 

 supposition except that of Ulug Beg being actually an observer. 



The astronomical works of Ulug Beg were written in Arabic, but 

 were afterwards translated into Persian, from which language the 

 principal of them were translated into Latin by Greaves and Hyde. 

 Greaves published first the chronological portion, under the title 

 ' Epochas celebriores, Astronomicis, Chronologicis, Historicis, Chataio- 

 rum, Syro-Grsecorum. Arabum, Persarum, Chorasmiorum, usitatse, ex 

 traditione Ulug Beigi,' London, 1650. He afterwards published the 

 geographical part as an appendix to his 'Astronomica quaedam ex 

 traditione Shah Cholgii Persso : ' this appendix having the title ' Binse 

 Tabuloa Geographicae, una Nessir Eddini Persse, altera Ulug Beigi 

 Tartar!,' London, 1652. Greaves is also said, by Hyde, to have pub- 

 lished (but where we do not know) the places of 100 stars from Ulug 

 Beg ; and he had also prepared for the press the whole table of the 

 places of stars, which he left in the hands of Archbishop Usher. Dr. 

 Thomas Hyde, not knowing of what Greaves had done, published, in 

 Latin and Persian, his ' Tabulae Longitudinis ac Latitudinis Stellarunx 

 Fixarum, ex Observatione Ulugh Beighi,' Oxford, 1665, accompanied 

 by a valuable series of notes, particularly on the Arabic names of the 

 stars : the greater part of all this, if not the whole, was reprinted by 

 Dr. G. Sharpe in 1767. A new edition of Ulug Beg's Catalogue, by 

 Mr. Baily, forms part of the thirteenth volume of the ' Memoirs of 

 the Royal Astronomical Society.' The epoch of these tables is 

 A.H. 841 (A.D. 1437), and the observations were made at Samarcand, 

 long. 99 16', lat. 39 37'. Some description of the tables has been 

 given by Delambre, from a manuscript belonging to Lalande (' Astro- 

 nomic du Moyen Age,' p. 208). The whole enjoys a high reputation 

 for its times and the existing means of observing. 



ULYSSES, ULYXES, or ULIXES, is the name under which the 

 Greek hero Odysseus (O8va<revs) was popularly known among the 

 Romans. Ulysses, who is the hero of Homer's ' Odyssey,' was a son 

 of Laertes and Anticleia, king of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, and 

 father of Telemachus. The story about Ulysses, us related by Homer, 

 has been much extended and modified by later poets and rnytho- 

 graphers. In Homer ho is represented as the model of a prudent 

 warrior, as a man of great experience and cunning, always ready to 

 devise means of avoiding or escaping from difficulties, as superior to 

 all men in eloquence and intelligence, in wisdom equal to the gods 

 themselves", and in adversity courageous and undaunted. Later poets, 

 on the other hand, describe him as a cowardly, false, and intriguing 

 person. When the Greek chiefs had resolved upon their expedition 

 against Troy, Agamemnon went to Ithaca to invite Ulysses to join 

 them, but it was not without difficulty that he was induced to assist 

 in the enterprise. He joined the other Greek chiefs in the port of 

 Aulis, with twelve ships. During the war against Troy he acted a 

 very prominent part, sometimes as a gallant warrior, and sometimes as 

 a bold and cunning spy or emissary. At the taking of Troy he was 

 one of the heroes concealed in the wooden horse. After the destruction 

 of the city his sufferings began. He and his companions wandered 

 about for ten years in the Mediterranean, endeavouring in vain to 

 reach his native island, while his faithful wife Penelope was beset by 

 numerous suitors, who consumed his property. The various calamities 

 he had to encounter before he returned to Ithaca are immortalised in 

 the ' Odyssey.' During the twenty years which he was absent from 

 his home, he always enjoyed the especial protection of the goddess 

 Athena (Minerva), and it was she who at last enabled him to reach 

 Ithaca. His father Laertes was living in solitary retirement, aud 

 Ulysses, without being known, was hospitably received by Eumasus, 

 the swineherd. Telemachus, the son of Ulysses, who had in the 

 meantime grown up to manhood, was absent : he had gone to Pylos 

 and Sparta to obtain information concerning his father, but he returned 

 while Ulysses was staying with Eurnaeus. His father made himself 

 known to him, and a plan was formed to get rid of the insolent 



