233 



URBAN III. 



UHBAN VI. 



234 



the count and his successors perpetual apostolic legates in Sicily. This 

 was the origin of the immunities of the church of Sicily, which were 

 afterwards a subject of dispute between the kings of Sicily and the see 

 of Home, and for the maintenance of which a court, called the Tribunal 

 ' de Mouarchia,' was established. 



From Salernum Pope Urban repaired to Bari, where he held a 

 Council, which was attended by one hundred and eighty-five bishops, 

 including several Greek prelates. The controversy about the word 

 ' filioque,' in speaking of the proceedings of the Holy Ghost, which the 

 Greeks rejected, was agitated, and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 

 supported with much eloquence and erudition the part of the Western 

 Church. The Greeks however would not give up the point. From 

 Bari Pope Urban returned to Rome, where he celebrated the Christmas 

 festivities. He also succeeded at last in obtaining possession of the 

 Castle St. Angelo. About Easter in the following year, 1099, he held 

 another Council at Rome, in which the autipope Guibert and his 

 adherents were again excommunicated, and the censure of the church 

 was pronounced against those priests who lived in a state of concu- 

 binage. In the following July Pope Urban died, just about the time 

 that the Crusaders took possession of Jerusalem, and was succeeded by 

 Paschal II. Urban II. was a man of considerable abilities and activity ; 

 his personal character appears to have been generally esteemed. By 

 his perseverance and timely policy, and through his connection with 

 the Countess Matilda in the north, and the Norman princes in the 

 south, of Italy, he confirmed and strengthened the Papal supremacy 

 which Gregory VII. had laboured to establish. 



(Muratori, Annali d' Italia, and the authorities therein quoted.) 



URBAN III., Uberto Crivelli, Archbishop of Milan, succeeded 

 Lucius I.I. in November 1185. He strove hard to send assistance to 

 the Christians in Palestine, who were hard pressed by Salah-ed-deen, 

 and he repaired to Venice for the purpose ; but he fell ill and died at 

 Ferrara in October 1187, after a pontificate of less than two years. 



URBAN IV., James, Patriarch of Jerusalem, a native of Troyes, in 

 France, succeeded Alexander IV. in 1261. Manfred was then on the 

 throne of Sicily and Apulia, and was the acknowledged head of the 

 Guibelines of all Italy, whilst the popes were at the head of the Guelph 

 party, hostile to Manfred and the whole house of Suabia. [MANFBEDJ.] 

 Urban persevered in the policy of his predecessors, and went even 

 farther in his determined hostility against Manfred. He summoned 

 him to appear before him, to anewer numerous heinous charges which 

 he stated against him, and as Manfred refused to appear, unless 

 accompanied by a sufficient escort for his own protection, the pope 

 excommunicated him as a tyrant, a heretic, and an enemy of the Holy 

 Church. Manfred sent troops to attack the papal state, and the pope 

 proclaimed a crusade against Manfred, and induced Robert, count of 

 Flanders, to come to Italy with a number of French knights and men- 

 at-arms, who, alter defeating the Guibelines of North Italy, and 

 restoring the ascendancy of the Guelph party, marched against Manfred 

 himself, who was encamped on the frontiers of his own kingdom. But 

 one of those insurrections, so frequent among the people of Rome in 

 the middle nges, obliged Urban to recall the Count of Flanders in 

 order to support him against the insurgents. This gave some respite 

 to Manfred, but Pope Urban, who was determined in his purpose, sent 

 a legate to Charles, count of Provence and Anjou, brother of Louis IX., 

 of France, offering him the crown of Sicily and Apulia as a fief of the 

 Roman see. Charles accepted the offer, and his brother, Louis IX., 

 gave also his consent, though with reluctance, as that good king had 

 great doubts concerning the justice of the measure. From this fatal 

 convention originated all the wars of the Anjous for centuries after, 

 for the possession of Naples and Sicily, and the subsequent invasions 

 of Italy by the French kings, who derived from the house of Anjou 

 their pretensions to the crown of the Two Sicilies. Charles was making 

 his preparations for attacking Manfred, when Pope Urban fell ill and 

 died at Perugia in 1264, and was succeeded by Clement IV. 



URBAN V., Guillaume de Grimoard, a Frenchman, and abbot of 

 St. Victor of Marseille, succeeded Innocent VI. in 1362. Like his 

 predecessor, he took up his residence at Avignon, leaving to the legate 

 Albornoz to defend the temporal interests of the Roman see in Italy. 

 [ALBORNOZ, GIL c. DE.] Bernab5 Visconti, lord of Milan, a brutal but 

 determined man, who oppressed his own subjects and encroached upon 

 all his neighbours, paying no more regard to churchmen than to lay- 

 men, was excommunicated by the pope for having usurped several 

 territories of the Roman see. In 1364 however a reconciliation took 

 place, and Bernabo was relieved from the censures of the church ; but 

 the reconciliation did not last long, as Bernabo was too restless to 

 remain at peace. In 1367 Pope Urban took the resolution of restoring 

 the pontifical court to Rome, to which he was urged by the Romans 

 themselves. Petrarch also wrote him seveial hortatory letters to the 

 same purpose. Urban landed on the coast near Corneto, and thence 

 repaired to Viterbo, where Cardinal Albornoz had prepared everything 

 for his reception. After some time the pope proceeded to Rome, in 

 the month of October, escorted by Niccolo of Este, marquis of Ferrara, 

 Amadeus, count of Savoy, Malatesta, lord of Rimini, and other great 

 feudatories, and by the ambassadors of the emperor, of the king of 

 Hungary, and of Queen Joanna of Naples, and a numerous retinue of 

 men-at-arms. He was met outside of the gates by the Roman clergy 

 and people, who accompanied him in the midst of acclamations to the 

 Basilica of the Vatican. The pope found the city of Rome in a very 



dilapidated condition, many churches, palaces, and houses iu ruins, a 

 population scanty and poor, and other marks of the long absence of a 

 central government and court. Nearly the whole of Italy was at that 

 epoch in a deplorable condition. The various princes and republics were 

 continually at war with each other, and kept for the purpose, at a great 

 expense, mercenary bands of Germans, Hungarians, English, Bretons, 

 and other foreigners, led by their respective coudottieri, who committed 

 all kinds of atrocities in the territories which they scoured. Ambrosio 

 Visconti, one of the numerous bastard sous of Bernabo, who was deso- 

 lating the Abruzzi at the head of several of these bands, amounting to 

 nearly. 10,000 men, was defeated by the troops of Queen Joanna, 

 united with those of the pope. Most of Ambrosio's men were killed, 

 either in or after the fight, and 600 of them were taken prisoners to 

 Rome : the pope caused 300 to be hung, and the rest were sent to 

 Montefiascone, whence having attempted to escape, they were hung 

 likewise. Similar scenes occurred in Lombardy and Tuscany, where 

 Florence, Pisa, and Siena were continually making incursions into 

 each other's territories by means of the mercenary bands. And yet 

 this is the age represented by some historians as one of independence 

 and prosperity for the republics of Tuscany. 



In 1368 Joanna, queen of Naples, and Peter, king of Cyprus, went 

 to Rome on a visit to Pope Urban, who received them rnont kindly. 

 In the month of April the emperor Charles IV. went to Italy with a 

 large force, which was joined by the troops of the pope and of Queen 

 Joanna, for the purpose of chastising Bernab6 Visconti, who paid no 

 more respect to the emperor than to the pope. But all the.-e prepa- 

 rations ended in nothing ; Charles signed a truce with Bernabo, some 

 say after receiving from him a sum of money, dismissed most of bis 

 troops, and then proceeded through Tuscany to Viterbo, where he 

 met the pope, and they proceeded together to Rome, where Isabella, 

 Chavles'svwife, was crowned empress by the pope with great solemnity. 



In the following year, 1369, John Palaeologus, emperor of Constan- 

 tinople, repaired to Rome, where hs abjured those peculiar tenets of 

 the Eastern church in which it differs from that of Rome, and 

 acknowledged the supremacy of the pope over the whole Christian 

 church. The great object of the journey of Palaeologus was to obtain 

 the assistance of the Western states against the Turks, in which how- 

 ever he did not succeed. The pope was not always at peace iu his 

 own dominions. He was obliged to send an army against the people 

 of Perugia, who had revolted, and the people of Rome proved at 

 times restive, which probably induced the pope to reside chiefly at 

 Viterbo and Montefiascone. In 1370 Urban determined to return to 

 Avignon. The reason alleged for this was to mediate between the kings 

 of France and England, who were at war. But Petrarch, who greatly 

 lamented this step, attributed it to the importunities of the French 

 cardinals, who preferred the easy life which they used to lead in their 

 own country, to the formality and discipline which were enforced at 

 Rome. In the month of September the pope embarked at Corneto, 

 and returned to Provence, but shortly after his arrival at Avignon he 

 fell ill, and died in December of the same year. He was generally 

 regretted for his personal character, his disinterestedness, charity, and 

 pious zeal. He was succeeded by Gregory XI. A life of Urban V., 

 in Latin, is inserted in the third volume of Muratori's 'Rerum 

 Italicarum Scriptores.' 



URBAN VI., Bartolomeo Prignano, archbishop of Bari, was elected, 

 after a stormy conclave, in April 1378, to succeed Gregory XL, who 

 had again restored the Papal see to Rome. Of the sixteen cardinals 

 who were at Rome, twelve were French and four Italian. The former 

 wished for a French pope, but the people of Rome assembled tumul- 

 tuously, crying out that they would have a Roman pope, and the 

 magistrates of the city sent envoys to the cardinals in conclave 

 assembled entreating them to elect, if not a Roman, at least an Italian 

 pope. As none of the four Italian cardinals was thought fit for the 

 office, it was at last agreed to elect the Archbishop of Bari, a native 

 of the kingdom of Naples, who happened to be at Rome at the time. 

 But before his election was made known, the impatient populace 

 broke into the hall of the conclave and the frightened cardinals ran 

 away. The following day, 9th of April, peace being restored by the 

 magistrates, the cardinals assembled again, and confirmed the election 

 of the Archbishop of Bari, who then accepted the Papacy, and 

 assumed the name of Urban VI. He was solemnly crowned on the 

 18th of April, attended by the sixteen cardinals who were at Rome, 

 and who communicated the news of the canonical election of the new 

 pope to the other cardinals, who were still at Avignon, as well as to 

 all the kings, princes, and republics of Christendom. There appears 

 therefore to be no truth in the subsequent allegation of the French 

 cardinals, who began the schism, that the election had not been free, 

 and was a fiction arranged with the consent of Priguano himself, in 

 order to escape from the violence of the Romans. It was not until 

 the following July that the French cardinals, having one after the 

 other left Rome on the pretence of the summer heats, assembled at 

 Anagni for the purpose of revoking the election of Urban, and they 

 invited the Italian cardinals to join their convention. One of the 

 latter, Francis Tebaldeschi, cardinal of S. Pietro, fell ill, and died in 

 the following August, after making a solemn declaration that Urban 

 had been legally elected, and that he acknowledged him as the true 

 successor of St. Peter. The true reason of the secession of the 

 French cardinals, besides their original desire of having a French pope 



