431 



VLADIMIR, MONOMACHOS. 



VOGEL, DR. EDWARD. 



432 



iueight into the manners, the state of civilisation, and the prevailing 

 opinions of that period. 



After having expatiated on the glory of God, chiefly in words taken 

 from the Psalmist, he BayB, " my children ! love God ! love also 

 mankind ! It is neither fast, nor seclusion, nor monastic life which 

 may save you, but good works. Do not forget the poor ; feed them, 

 and think that all goods belong to God, and are entrusted to you 

 only for a time. Do not conceal treasures in the bowels of the 

 earth, for this is contrary to the Christian religion. Be fathers to the 

 orphans ; judge yourselves the widows, and do not permit the stronger 

 to oppress the weaker. Do not take the life either of the innocent 

 or of the guilty : the life and the soul of a Christian are sacred." 

 He then recommends them to keep their oaths, to respect the clergy, 

 to avoid pride and every kind of profligacy, and continues " In your 

 household look yourselves to everything, without relying on your 

 stewards and servants, and the guests will not find fault either with 

 your house or with your dinner. In time of war be active and be 

 an example to your officers. It is not then the time to think of ban- 

 quets and enjoyment. Repose after having established the nightly 

 watch. Men may suddenly perish, therefore do not lay aside the 

 armour where danger may happen, and mount your horses early. 

 Above all, respect a stranger, be he a great or a common man, a mer- 

 chant or an ambassador ; and if you cannot give him presents, satisfy 

 him with meat and drink, because strangers spread in foreign countries 

 good and bad report of us. Salute every one whom you meet. Love 

 your wives, but give them no power over yourselves. Remember 

 every good thing which you have learnt, and learn what you do not 

 know. My father, having never been abroad, spoke five languages, for 

 which we are praised by foreigners." This is certainly a curious fact, aud 

 which perhaps was not common at that time in Western Europe. The 

 languages alluded to were probably the Greek as the higher clergy, 

 who had the education of the princes, were generally of that nation 

 the Scandinavian, the Slavonian of Russia, and perhaps the Hungarian, 

 and that of the Polovtzee, with whom the Russians were in daily 

 intercourse. It is also not unlikely that Latin, which was cultivated 

 by the learned Greeks, was one of the languages alluded to. " Avoid 

 idleness, it is the mother of all vices. On a journey on horseback, 

 when you have no occupation, instead of indulging in idle thoughts, 

 repeat prayers, at least the shortest and the best of them 'Kyrie 

 eleyson.' Never go to sleep without an earthly prostration ; and 

 when you do not feel well, do it three times. Rise before the sun, 

 and go early to church. So have done my father and all the good 

 men. After which they held a council with their officers, or 

 judged the people, or went to hunt ; and at midday they slept, 

 because God has assigned the midday hour for repose, not only to 

 man, but also to animals and birds." It is remarkable that this habit 

 is still prevalent among the common people in Russia. " Your father 

 lived also in that manner. I have done myself all that I could have 

 ordered a servant to do : in hunting and in war. at day and at night, 

 during the heat of summer, and the cold of winter, I have not known 

 any repose. I have never relied on magistrates and officers. I never 

 allowed the poor and the widows to be oppressed by the strong. I 

 superintended myself the church, the Divine service, the household, 

 the stables, the hunt, the hawks, and the falcons." Having enumerated 

 his various feats of arms, he says, "I have undertaken eighty -three 

 expeditions, without mentioning many insignificant ones. 1 have con- 

 cluded with the Polovtzee nineteen treaties. I took prisoners more 

 than a hundred of their best chieftains, whom I released afterwards, 

 and I punished and drowned in rivers more than 200 of them. Who 

 travelled more rapidly than I did ? On leaving Chernigoff in the 

 morning, I arrived at Kiev, where my father was, before vespers (a 

 distance of 100 English miles). Being fond of sports, we often 

 hunted wild animals with your grandfather. Amidst thick forests I 

 have bound with my own hands several wild horses at once. I was 

 twice tossed on the horns of a buffalo; a deer struck me with his 

 horns, and an elk trampled me under his feet ; a wild boar tore the 

 sword from my side ; a bear bit through my saddle, and a wild animal 

 attacked and overthrew the horse which I rode. How many times 

 have I fallen from my horse ! I twice broke my head, and many 

 times injured my arms and legs, sparing not my life during my youth. 

 But the Lord has watched over me. And you, my children, do not 

 fear death, nor combat, nor wild animals; but act as men on every 

 occasion which may come from God. When Providence has decreed a 

 man's death, neither his father, nor his mother, nor his brethren may 

 save him." It is very probable that the observation of the rules of 

 prudence and external piety laid down in these instructions greatly 

 contributed to the establishment of his reputation. 



Vladimir was surnamed Monomachos by his mother, a daughter of 

 the Emperor Constantino IX., Monomachos. His first wife was Gyda, 

 daughter of Harold, the last Saxon king of England, who had found, 

 after the death of her father, a refuge at the court of Swen II., king of 

 Denmark. Marriages between the Russian princes aud those of 

 Western Europe, particularly of Scandinavia, were very common 

 during that period. Thus Vladimir's aunts were married to Henri I. 

 of France, and to Harold Hardrade, king of Norway, who perished in 

 1066, at the battle of Stamford Bridge. The celebrated Danish king 

 Waldemar L was the son of one of his grand-daughters, and probably 

 received his Slavonian name in honour of his ancestor. After the 



death of Gyda he was twice married, but the Chronicles do not 

 mention the names of his wives. 



The crown used at the coronation of the monarchs of Russia is 

 called the golden cap of Monomachos, and is supposed to have been 

 presented to Vladimir, with the sceptre and some other regalia used on 

 the same occasion, by the Greek Emperor Alexius Comneuos, aa 

 having belonged to his grandfather Constantino Monomachos. These 

 objects are undoubtedly of Byzantine workmanship, but the history of 

 their origin is considered by many as a modern invention made during 

 the 15th century, when Ivan III., of Moscow, having married the Greek 

 princess Sophia Palaeologos, assumed the pretensions of a successor to 

 the emperors of the East. 



VOET, GISBERT, the father, and Paul and Daniel, the sons, and 

 John, the grandson, were distinguished members of the University of 

 Utrecht, in the 17th century. 



GISBKRT VOET was born at Heusde on the 3rd of March 1593 ; he 

 studied at Leyden, with the character of a young man of great pro- 

 mise; and having taken orders, discharged the functions of minister 

 in his native town till 1634. In that year he was appointed professor 

 of theology and Oriental languages in the seminary of Utrecht, which 

 was converted into a university two years later. Voet became the 

 zealous advocate of the doctrines adopted by the Synod of Dort, nor 

 did his controversial predilections confine themselves to this narrow 

 field. He attacked vehemently the philosophy of Descartes, whom he 

 designated alternately an atheist and a Jesuit, and whom he even went 

 the length of accusing before the civil magistrate. His controversies 

 with Cocceius, professor at Leyden, divided the Dutch theologicians 

 into Voetians and Cocceians. In short no polemical adversary came 

 amiss to him : Roman Catholic, philosopher, Arminian he was ready 

 to break a lance with any man who did not subscribe to the Calviuistic 

 creed. He had on his arms at once Desmarets, Wolzogen, Regius, 

 Schoockius, Dumoulin, Oesterga, &c. The incessant excitement of 

 controversy appears to have agreed with him, for he lived to the 

 advanced age of eighty-seven, dying in 1680, outliving by several years 

 all the other members of the Synod of Dort. A full list of his nume- 

 rous publications, chiefly works of polemical theology, is given by 

 Gaspar Burman, in his ' Trajectum Eruditum:' the principal are, 

 'Selectse Disputationes Theologicae,' Utrecht and Amsterdam, 5 vols. 

 4to, 1648-69; and ' Politica Ecclesiastica,' Amsterdam, 4 vols. 4to. 

 1663-76. 



PAUL VOET was born at Heusde, on the 7th of June 1619. He 

 taught, at different times, logic, metaphysics, Greek, and civil law in 

 the University of Utrecht. He published in 1654 a Harmony of the 

 Gospels; and in 1655-57, 'Theologia Naturalis reformata.' Of his 

 juridical works the most valuable, at least that which has carried with 

 it the greatest authority, is the treatise ' De Statutis eorumque Con- 

 cursu.' His other legal publications are 'De Duellis Licitis et 

 Illicitis," Utrecht, 1646; ' De Usu Juris Civilis et Canonici in Belgio 

 Unito,' Utrecht, 1657, ' Disquisitio Juridica de Mobilibus et Immobili- 

 bus,' Utrecht, 1666, ' Commentarius ad Institutiones Juris,' Gorcum, 

 1668. It is in part owing to the time at which he lived, rendering his 

 works the text-books' of the young Scotch lawyers, the contemporaries 

 of Stair and Mackenzie, that we find them so frequently quoted by the 

 ablest Scotch lawyers previous to the commencement of the present 

 century. Paul Voet published, in Dutch, a history of the family of 

 Brederode, which has been translated into French ; some controversial 

 pamphlets defending his father; and notes on Musaeus, Callimachus, 

 and Herodian. He died ou the 1st of August 1677. 



DANIEL VOET, son of Gisbert, and brother of Paul, was born at 

 Heusde on the 31st of December 1629, and died at Utrecht on the 

 3rd of October 1660. He was professor of philosophy at Utrecht. He 

 published several text books : his ' Meletemeta Philosophica,' and his 

 ' Physiologica, sive de Rerum Natura Libri vi.,' appeared at Amster- 

 dam the year after his death, and were republished, with notes by 

 Vries, in 1668. 



JOHN VOET, the son of Paul, was born at Utrecht on the 3rd of 

 October, 1647. He was professor of law at Herborn, afterwards at 

 Utrecht, and ultimately at Leyden, where he died on the llth of 

 September 1714. His most esteemed work is his ' Commentarius in 

 Pandectas,' published at Leyden in 1698, in 2 folio volumes. In 1670 

 he published a tract ' De Jure Militari ;' in 1673 another, ' De Familia 

 erciscunda;' and in 1683, at Leyden, a 'Compendium Juris.' He too, 

 as well as his father, took the field in defence of Gisbert, the founder 

 of the family. 



JOHN EUSEBIUS VCET, inspector of the octrois at the Hague, and a 

 Dutch physician, died there in 1778. He is mentioned with praise as 

 a poet in Vries's history of Dutch poetry. His poems are lyrical ia 

 their form, and rather mystical in their contents. It does not appear 

 that he belonged to the same family as the theologian, the jurists, and 

 the philosopher. 



VOGEL, DR. EDWARD. The notice of OVERWEG, DR. ADOLF, 

 contains also notices of Mr. Richardson, Dr. Barth, aud Dr. Vogel, 

 who were all employed in the same expedition from the coast of the 

 Mediterranean to Central Africa, We are now enabled to state a few 

 facts by way of addition and correction to the information there given. 

 Dr. Barth was born May 19, 1821, at Hamburg, where he was educated. 

 He afterwards studied at the university of Berlin. Dr. Barth, since 

 his return, has published 'Travels in Central Africa,' 3 vols. 8vo, 



