473 



WAKEFIELD, REV. GILBERT. 



WALCH, JOHANN GEORG. 



471 



which is set down without a thought being given to the inadmissibility 

 of such a reading on the most obvious metrical grounds. The Horace 

 was followed the same year by a selection of Greek Tragedies, in 2 

 vola. 8vo, and that by a first volume of an edition of the ' Works of 

 Pope,' Svo, Warriugton, which was not continued. A fifth part of the 

 'Silva Critica,' Svo, London, a 12mo volume of 'Poetical Translations 

 from the Antients,' an edition, in a volume of the same size, of the 

 remains of Bion and Moschus, and a ' Reply to the Second Part of 

 Paine's Age of Reason,' Svo, all appeared in 1795. His publications of 

 the next year were : an edition of Virgil, with a few notes, in 2 vole. 

 12rno : an Svo volume of ' Observations on Pope ;' 'A Reply to the 

 Letter of Edmund Burke, Esq., to a Noble Lord,' which went through 

 three editions ; and a new edition, with notes, of Pope's Translation 

 of the Iliad, in 11 vols. Svo. This year also appeared the first volume, 

 in 4to, of his Lucretius, of all his editions of ancient authors the 

 one that was most wanted and upon which ho has bestowed the 

 greatest pains, and the only one that remains in any estimation. The 

 second and third volumes followed in the course of the succeeding 

 year, 1797 ; which gave birth besides to a Latin pamphlet ' Diatribe 

 Extemporalis,' as he entitled it on Person's new edition of the 

 'Hecuba;' 'A Letter to Jacob Bryant, Esq., concerning his Disserta- 

 tion on the War of Troy,' 4to ; and ' A Letter to William Wilberforce, 

 . Esq., on the subject of his late Publication' (his 'Practical View of Chris- 

 tianity '). The last-mentioned publication reached a second edition. 



In January 1798, Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff, came forward in 

 the new character of a champion of the war, in a pamphlet which he 

 entitled ' An Address to the People of Great Britain.' Both the drift 

 of this address, and what seemed to him the apostacy of the writer, 

 kindled Waken 1 eld's very combustible temper ; and on the evening of 

 the day ou which it came into his hands he finished a very vehement 

 ' Reply to some parts of the Bishop of Llandaff' s Address,' which he 

 immediately sent to the press. It was published by Mr. John Cuthell, 

 of Middle Row, Holborn, a dealer in old books, to whom he brought 

 it without auy intimation of its nature. Cuthell was thereupon in- 

 dicted for the publication of a seditious libel ; and being tried before 

 Lord Kenyon and a special jury at Westminster^ on the 21st of 

 February 1799, was found guilty, and on the 18th of April follow- 

 ing was sentenced to pay a fine of thirty marks. Wakefield repaid 

 Cuthell all the expenses to which he had been put, amounting to 

 153. 4s. 8d., a sum which he afterwards described as equal to the 

 clear annual income of all he was worth. Wakefield himself was also 

 tried at Westminster the same day with Cuthell; and Johnson, a 

 bookseller, who had sold some copies of the pamphlet, a few days after 

 before the same judge at Guildhall : we are not informed what was 

 Johnson's sentence ; but Wakefield, who, in the interim between the 

 conviction of Johnson and his being himself brought up for judgment, 

 published ' A Letter to Sir John Scott, his Majesty's attorney-general, 

 on the subject of a late trial in Guildhall' (that of Johnson), was 

 sentenced by Mr. Justice Grose, on the 30th of May, to be imprisoned 

 in Dorchester jail for two years, and to give security for his good 

 behaviour for five years after the expiration of that term, himself in 

 500Z., and two others in 2501. each. A subscription was immediately 

 raised for him among the friends of opposition politics, which 

 ultimately amounted to about 5000Z. He printed and gave away, 

 but did not regularly publish, his 'Defence,' and two subsequent 

 addresses to the Court of King's Bench, one actually delivered, the 

 other only intended to have been delivered ; and he bore with forti- 

 tude and good humour his two years' incarceration, which with the 

 exception of some impositions in money matters by the jailor, does 

 not appear to have been attended with any unusual hardship. While 

 in prison he printed an imitation, in English verse, of the Tenth 

 Satire of Juvenal, 12mo, 1800; and also the same year a translation, 

 in an Svo pamphlet, of ' Some Essays of Dion Chrysostom, with Notes.' 

 In 1801 he published a small 12mo tract on some discoveries which he 

 supposed he had made as to the laws of Greek hexameter verse, under the 

 title of ' Noctes Carcerarise.' His release took place on the 29th of May 

 1S01 ; upon which he immediately hurried to London, and commenced 

 a course of lectures on the Second Book of the JEneid, the delivery of 

 which occupied him till the beginning of July. On the 27th of 

 August he was taken ill of what turned out to be typhus fever, which 

 carried him off on the 9th of September. He left, besides his widow, 

 four sons and two daughters. 



All Wakefield's publications have been mentioned in the above 

 sketch, except an ' An Essay on the Origin of Alphabetical Characters ' 

 (endeavouring to prove that they must have been revealed from 

 Heaven), which he communicated, in 17S4, to the Literary and Philo- 

 sophical Society of Manchester, and which is printed in the second 

 volume of their Transactions, and, in an enlarged and amended form, 

 with the secoud edition of his Memoirs; and many papers which he 

 contributed to various periodical publication's, especially the ' Theo- 

 logical Repository ' and the ' Monthly Magazine.' He had also made 

 'considerable collections for a Greek and English Lexicon, which 

 remained after his death in possession of his family. A new edition 

 of his Memoirs, extended to two volumes, and brought down to the 

 close of his life, was published by his friends, Messrs. John Towill 

 Rutfc and Arnold Wainewright, in 1804; and a 'Collection of Letters' 

 that passed between him and Charles Fox, chiefly upon points of 

 classical criticism, has since been published. 



His scholarship, in its amount and character, has been ably esti- 

 mated by Dr. Parr, in a letter printed in the second edition of his 

 Memoirs, vol. ii., pp. 437-453, although his deficiencies may perhaps 

 be thought to be touched by his friend and admirer with a lenient 

 hand. He had evidently read rapidly a great deal of Greek and Latin, 

 and, by the help of a memory which he used to complain of as too 

 good, had retained an unusually large proportion of the miscellaneous 

 intellectual sustenance which he had thus taken in; but, partly from 

 imperfections in the manner in which he had been educated, partly 

 from defects of mental character, he was not and never could have 

 become either a profound or a refined scholar. Both his Latin style 

 and his English are vicious and barbarous in the extreme. Honest and 

 high-minded he certainly was, as well as warm-hearted ; but his ardour 

 became intemperance and ferocity whenever it encountered opposition, 

 and his honesty only made him the more intolerant of difference of 

 opinion upon any subject in another, a thing for which he had no 

 name except only knavery or imbecility. No man ever adhered to the 

 most maturely considered conclusions with more pertinacity than 

 he did to judgments which he would form in the most precipitate 

 manner. 



WALAFRI'DUS, or WALHAFRE'DUS, surnamed 'Strata,' or 

 ' Strabus,' because his eyes were awry, was a German monk who lived 

 in the first part of the 9th century. Some writers have thought that 

 he was an Anglo-Saxon, and a brother of Bede, but Fabricius proves 

 by the monk's own words that he was a native of Suabia in Germany, 

 an opinion which now seems to be general. He received his educa- 

 tion in the monastery of St. Gallen, which was then one of the most 

 famous schools in Germany, and he finished his studies in the monas- 

 tery of Fulda, under the celebrated Rabanus Maurus. After having 

 taken orders, he became dean of St. Gallen, and in 842 he was chosen 

 abbot of Reichenau (Augia Dives) in the diocese of Constance. It is 

 said that for some time he was head master of the school hi the 

 monastery of Hirsfeld. He died in 849, in France, where he was 

 travelling on some business. Walafridus was a learned man for his 

 time ; he is the author of several works on divinity, ecclesiastical his- 

 tory, and botany ; the most remarkable are : ' De Officiis Divinis, 

 sive de Exordiis et Incrementis Rerum Ecclesiasticarum,' which is 

 contained in the ' Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima,' and in several other 

 collections of early writers on divinity ; ' Vita B. Galli Confessoris,' 

 in Goldast's ' Scriptores Rerum Alemannicarum ; ' ' Vita S. Othmari 

 Abbatis,' in Goldast's ' Vita S. Blaitmaici Abbatis, Hiiensis, et Mar- 

 tyris,' in ' Acta Sanctorum,' ' Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima,' and in seve- 

 ral other collections; ' Hortulus ' this little work on botany, which was 

 much esteemed, is written in Latin verse; it was published at Nu'rn- 

 berg, 4to, 1512 ; Svo, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1530 ; Svo, Frankfurt-on- 

 the-Main, 1564, 1571 ; Venice, 1547; Basel, 1627; it is likewise con- 

 tained in several collections, as in the ' Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima/ 

 in the ' Bibliotheca Patrum Coloniensis,' &c.; 'Glossae Latino Barba- 

 ricso de Partibus Humani Corporis rursum ex Doctrina Rabani Mauri 

 per Walafridum descriptae,' in Goldast cited above. ' Glossse ordi- 

 nance interlineares in Scripturam Sacram : ' it has been supposed that 

 Rabanus Maurus is the author of it, and that Walafridus only put it 

 together. Editions of it are contained in the different ' Bibliothecse 

 Patrum,' as well as in some other collections cited above. The first 

 edition is a large finely-printed folio, without date or place, and sup- 

 posed to have been printed at Venice about 1480. Some French 

 writers attribute to Walafridus the beginning of the celebrated 

 ' Anuales Fuldenses.' A complete catalogue of the works and other 

 literary productions of Walafridus is contained in Fabricius, ' Biblio- 

 theca Latina Mediae et Infimae ^Etatis.' 



WALCH, JOHANN GEORG, a distinguished German divine, was 

 born at Meiningen, in 1693. His father was general superintendent 

 of the Protestant church in the duchy of Saxe-Weimar. In 1710 he 

 went to the university of Jena, where he studied divinity and philology, 

 and of which he became afterwards one of the first ornaments. lu 

 1724 he was appointed extraordinary professor of divinity in the uni- 

 versity of Jena ; and in 1726 he took his degree of D.D., and waa 

 appointed ordinary professor of divinity, an office which he held till 

 his dath in 1775. 



Walch distinguished himself as a scholar at a very early age. In 

 1712, when he was only nineteen, he published a good edition of 

 Velleius Paterculus, which he accompanied with an index and valuable 

 notes; in 1714 he published ' Diatriba de Vita et Stilo C. Cornelii 

 Taciti,' a work characterised by sound judgment, though the produc- 

 tion of a youth of twenty-one. His works are numerous, the principal 

 are : 1, ' Philosophisches Lexicon, darhi die in alien Theilen der 

 Philosophic fiirkommenden Materieu und Kunstworter erkliirt werden,' 

 Svo, Leipzig, 1726. This work ran through four editions, and was a 

 standard book till new philosophical terms came in use, together with 

 the establishment of the school of Kant, which in its turn was super- 

 seded by the systems of Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling. 2, ' Historia 

 Critica Latinae Linguae,' Svo, Leipzig, 1716; ran through four edi- 

 tions. 3, 'Historische uud Theologische Einleitung in die vor- 

 nehmsten Religions-Streitigkeiten,' 5 vols. Svo, Jena, 1724-36. 4, 

 ' Historische und Theologische Einleitung in die voruehmaten Reli- 

 gions-Streitigkeiten der Evangelischen Kirche,' 5 vols. Svo, Jena, 

 1730-39. 5, ' Bibliotheca Patristica literariis Adnotationibus instructa,' 

 Svo, Jena, 1720; 2nd edition, Jena, 1834, by Professor Danz. 6, 



