475 



WALCH, JOHANN ERNST IMMANUEL. 



WALDEGRAVE, EARL. 



476 



1 Bibliotheca Theologica selecta, litorariis Adnotationibus instructa,' 

 4 vols. 8vx>, Jeua, 1757-65. 7, Dr. Martin Luther's 'Siimmtliche 

 Scbriften,' 21 vols. 4to, Halle, 1740-50. A carefully revised edition of 

 the works of Luther ; the 1 4th volume contains Luther's Latin version 

 of the Bible, which was separately published by Walch iu 1745. Walch 

 also published an edition of Lactantius, Leipzig, 1715; 2nd edition, 

 1735. Walch was the father of three son, Johann Ernst Immanuel, 

 Christian \Vilhelm Franz, and Karl Friedrich, noticed below, each of 

 whom attained a high rank in the learned literature of Germany. 



WALCH, JOHANN ERNST IMMANUEL, the eldest son of 

 Johann Georg Walch, was born at Jena oil the 29th of August 1725. 

 He studied divinity at Jena, and in 1747 undertook a long journey 

 with his brother Christian Wilhelm Franz, to France, Italy, and seve- 

 ral other countries. Though the two brothers were rather young, the 

 name of their father procured them everywhere a favourable reception. 

 They thus were on intimate terms with Assemani, the cardinals Maffei 

 and Passionei, as well as with several other celebrated men at Rome. 

 It is said that they were presented to Pope Benedict XIV., who asked 

 them if they were the sons of the celebrated heretic J. G. Walch. In 

 1759 J. E. I. Walch was appointed professor of divinity at Jena, his 

 name being already known by several works on ecclesiastical history. 

 Next to divinity, natural history was his favourite science, which he 

 cultivated with great success, as may be seen from his works on natural 

 history, cited below. He was a member of many learned societies in 

 Italy, Germany, and other countries. He died on the 1st of December, 

 1778. His principal works are 1, 'De Christianorum sub Diocletiano 

 iu Hispania Persecutions,' 8vo, Jena, 1751; 2, 'Marmor Hispaniae 

 antiquum Vexationis Christianorum Neronianae insigne Documentum 

 illustratum,' 4to, Jena, 1750 ; 2nd edition, under the title ' Persequu- 

 tionia Christianae Neronianae in Hispania ex antiquo Monumento 

 probandae uberior Explanatio,' 4to, Jena, 1753; 3, 'Acta Societatis 

 Latinae Jenensis, edita,' 4 vol?. 8vo, Jena, 1752-55. The ' Transac- 

 tions ' of this Society, which were under the care of Walch for several 

 years, contain many of his minor productions. 4, ' Dissertationes in 

 Acta Apostolorum,' 3 vols. 4to, Jena, 1756-61; 5, 'De Arte critica 

 veterum Romanorum Literaria,' 3rd edition, Jena, 1771; 6, 'Das 

 Steinreich systematisch entworfen ' (a system of mineralogy), 2 vols. 

 8vo, 2nd edition, Halle, 1769 ; 7, ' Antiquitates Medicae selectae,' 8vo, 

 Jena, 1772; 8, 'Sigillum Medici Ocularii Romani nuper in Agro 

 Jenensi repertum et Observationibus illustratum,' 4to, Jena, 1763 ; 9, 

 ' Georg Wolfgang Knorr's Sammlung von Merkwiirdigkeiten der Natur 

 und den Alterthiimeru des Erdbodens welcher petrificirte Corper 

 enthiilt, herausgegeben mit Classifications-Tabellen, &c., von J. E. I. 

 Walch, mit illuminirten Kupfertafeln, etc ,' 7 parts, in 3 vols. folio, 

 Niirnberg, 1768-73. This collection of Knorr's was celebrated all over 

 Europe. Statius Miiller had published a catalogue of it, with a 

 description of the different objects, but this work was incomplete and 

 without any systematical order. The work of Walch however is still 

 considered a model for similar works : a French translation of it was 

 published in 1775, and a Dutch in 1779. 



(Lebentgeschichte des wohlseligen Herrn Hofraths Johann Ernst 

 Immanuel Walch, 8vo, Jena, 1780, contains a complete catalogue of 

 his works and minor productions : a Leben und Character des Prof. 

 Joh. Ernst Im. Walch's zu Jena appeared at Weimer, 8vo, 1799.) 



WALCH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM FRANZ, one of the greatest 

 divines of Germany, was the second son of Johann Georg Walch. He 

 was born at Jena in 1726, and after having studied divinity in that 

 university, travelled with his brother Immanuel in France and Italy. 

 The learned Italian Gori invited him and his brother to contribute to 

 his 'Symbola Literaria/ and Gori wrote several memoirs for the 

 ' Transactions ' of the Societas Latina at Jena. In 1750 Walch was 

 appointed extraordinary professor of philosophy in the University of 

 Jena; in 1753 he was chosen president of the Societas Latina in this 

 town ; in 1754 ho went to Gottingen as extraordinary professor of 

 divinity; he became ordinary professor of divinity in 1757. He died 

 suddenly in 1784, whilst talking with his wife aud children. 

 ^ Walch wrote many works on classical literature, divinity, and eccle- 

 siastical history, some of which are among the best of their kind, and 

 they all bear the marks of a superior mind and extensive learning. 

 A complete catalogue of his works is given in the authority ci^ed 

 b -low ; and the greater part of them are in the library of the British 

 Museum. The following are the principal works : 1, 'Antiquitates 

 Pallii Philosophic! veterum Christianorum,' Jena, 1746. The first 

 section of this book treats of the pallium of the ancient philosophers; 

 and the second of the pallium assumed by Christian philosophers. 2, 

 ' Oratio de Eloquentia Latina veterum Germanorum,' 1750; an in- 

 teresting little book, in which the author shows that a considerable 

 number of ancient Germans, among whom was Armiuius, the con- 

 queror of Varus, were well acquainted with the Roman language and 

 literature : there are no hypotheses or opinions in this book ; it is 

 founded on facts stated by Roman authors. 3, ' Historia Patriarcha- 

 rum Judseorum quorum in Libris Juris Romani fit Mentio,' 1751. The 

 object of this work is to show that even during the later period of the 

 Roman Empire the Jews continued to live under the moral inspection 

 of ' patriarchs,' a Greek word translated from the Hebrew, and which, 

 according to Walch, was first used by the 'Seventy' of Alexandria; 

 the Roman laws referred to by the author are the tituli, ' De Judseis,' 

 ' Ccelicolis,' and ' Samaritanis,' in the Codes of Theodosius and Justi- 



nian. 4, ' Compendium Historiae Ecclesiasticae recentissimae,' Gottin- 

 gen, 1757. 5, ' Entwurf einer vollstiindigen Historic der Kirchen- 

 Versarninlungen,' Leipzig, 1759. 6, ' Moniinenta Medii ^Evi ex Biblio- 

 theca Regia Hanoverana,' 2 vols. 8vo, Gottingen, 1758. 7, 'Grund- 

 siitze der Kirchengeschichte des Neuen Testaments,' 4 vols. 8vo, 2nd 

 edition, Gottingen, 1772-74. 8, ' Grundsiitze der Naturlichen Gottes- 

 gelehrsamkeit,' 2nd edition, Gottingen, 1775. 9, ' Kritische Unter- 

 suchung vom Gebrauch der Heiligen Schrift unter den alten Christen 

 in den ersten vier Jahrhuncierten,' Leipzig, 1779. 10, ' Neucste Reli- 

 gions Geschichte,' 9 vols. 8vo, Lemgo, 1771-83. 11, 'Bibliotheca 

 Symbolica vetus ex Monimentis Quinque priorum Saeculorum maxime 

 collecta,' &c., Lemgo, 1770. 12, ' Bibliotheca Philologica,' 3 vols. 8vo, 

 Gottingen, 1770-77. 13, 'Entwurf einer vollstiindigen Historic der 

 Ketzereien, Spaltungen, und Religions-Streitigkeiten, bis auf die /niton 

 der Reformation,' 11 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1762-85. This work made 

 great sensation throughout all Europe, and the Germans call its author 

 generally, Der Ketzer-Walch (Ketzer signifies a heretic), in order to 

 distinguish him from his brothers, his father, and so many other 

 writers whose name is Walch. VValch is also the author of an excel- 

 lent biography of Catherine von Bora, the wife of Luther, which is 

 preceded by her portrait engraved after the original painting of Lucas 

 Cranach. KARL FRIEDRICH, the younger brother of Christian Walch, 

 born in 1734, was professor of law at Gottingen, and afterwards at 

 Jena, where he died in 1799. He is the author of several distinguished 

 works on jurisprudence, such as, 'Glossarium Germanicum Interpre- 

 tation! Constitutionis Criminalis Carolina interserviens,' Jena, 1790. 

 The ' Constitutio Criminalis Carolina,' or the Criminal Code issued by 

 the Emperor Charles V., is still in use in some parts of Germany, aa 

 the duchy of Brunswick and the Kingdom of Hanover. 



(Strodtmann, Das Ncue Qdehrte Europa, part 14, in vol. iv.) 

 WALDECK, PRINCES OF. The bouse of Waldeck is one of the 

 oldest dynasties of Northern Germany. It is of Saxon origin, and is 

 descended from one of those powerful dukes of ancient Saxony who 

 commanded in the wars against Charlemagne, perhaps from Wittekind, 

 although this cannot be historically established. They were formerly 

 counts, but the title of prince was conferred upon Count George 

 Frederic in 1682. This prince, born in 1620, was a celebrated general 

 of the emperor Leopold I., and obtained several signal victories over 

 the Turks and the French. Delille, the French poet, has addressed to 

 him his ode 'De la Pitie",' praising him for his humane conduct towards 

 the French. The republic of the United Provinces of the Xetherlands 

 appointed him commander-in-chief of the Dutch armies. He died in 

 1692. His brother, Count Josias, had equal military reputation. The 

 republic of Venice put him at the head of her armies, and after his 

 death, in 1711, had a splendid monument erected to his memory in 

 the church of Wildungen, in the principality of Waldeck. Josias was 

 the founder of a younger branch of the house of Waldeck, upon 

 which however the title of prince has not been conferred. Prince 

 Christian Augustus, born in 1744, signalised himself as an able general 

 in the wars against the French during the revolution. He commanded 

 a part of the imperial armies. In 1793 he directed the passage of the 

 imperial troops over the Rhine near Selz, for the purpose of attacking 

 the rear of the famous lines of Weissenburg, defended by the French : 

 they were assailed in front by Field-Marshal Wurmser, the Austrian 

 coinmander-in-chief, and Field Marshal Kalckreuth, the Prussian gene- 

 ralissimo. This combined attack, which resulted in the taking of the 

 lines, and was followed by a general rout of the French, is considered 

 one of the most brilliant mano3uvres executed in modern times. It is 

 said that the Prince of Waldeck, who had the most difficult share in 

 this undertaking, also conceived the idea of the whole plan. He also 

 took the fortress of Ivehl, opposite Strasbourg, and afterwards com- 

 manded in Flanders, displaying such superior talents that the emperor 

 of Germany appointed him member of the military council at Vienna, 

 and commander-in-chief of the militia of Bohemia. In 1797 the 

 Prince Regent of Portugal addressed himself to the emperor for the 

 purpose of obtaining his permission to put the Prince of Waldeck at 

 the head of his armies, which were in a very disorganised state. The 

 permission having been granted, the prince went to Lisbon, but died 

 in 1798, before he had carried into effect his plans for reorganising the 

 Portuguese troops. His great-grandson, George Victor, the present 

 reiiining prince, was born in 1831, and succeeded his father, Prince 

 George Frederic Henry, in 1845. 



WALDEGRAVE, JAMES WALDEGRAVE, SECOND EARL, was 

 the son of James, first Earl Waldegrave, KG., who was descended 

 from ancestors originally settled at Walgrave in Northamptonshire, 

 and in later times distinguished for their attachment to the Roman 

 Catholic faith. The first Earl Waldcgrave derived his oldest title 

 of Baron Waldegrave of Chewton, in the county of Somerset, from his 

 father Henry, who having married Henrietta, natural daughter of 

 James II., by Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlborough, 

 was raised to the peerage in 1686, and, following his father-in-law to 

 Paris on the Revolution, died there in 1689. The earl had conformed 

 to the Established Church in 1722, and served under Sir Robert Wai- 

 pole, who placed great confidence in him, as ambassador, first at Paris 

 and afterwards at Vienna, from 1725 to 1740. He was created Vis- 

 count Chewton aud Earl Waldegrave in 1729, and died in 1741, at the 

 age of fifty-seven, six months after he had obtained leave to return to 

 England for the recovery of his health. He had married in 1714, 



