651 



WATERLOO, ANTONI. 



WATSON, RICHARD, D.D. 



532 



Dr. Waterland appears to have first come forth as a controversialist 

 in 1718, in an answer to Dr. Whitby's Latin disquisitions on Bishop 

 Bull's ' Defence of the Nicene Creed,' and 'An Answer to Dr. Wbitby's 

 Reply ' to that attack. In 1719 he handled the same subject with 

 more elaboration and effect in ' A Vindication of Christ's Divinity, 

 being a Defence of the Queries, &c., in answer to a Clergyman in the 

 Country.' The 'Queries' had been drawn up some time before for 

 the use of the Rev. John Jackson, rector of Rossington in Yorkshire, 

 who wrote an answer to them, which he submitted to Waterland, and 

 then sent the ' Queries,' his own answer, and Waterland's reply to 

 that, to the press. This publication immediately involved Waterland 

 in a controvery with Dr. Clarke and the Arian party. The longest 

 and most important of Watcrlaud's tracts in this controversy was his 

 next, published iu 1723, under the title of 'A Second Vindication of 

 Christ's Divinity.' This was followed the next year by ' A further 

 Defence of Christ's Divinity,' in answer to Clarke's ' Observations ' on 

 the Second Defence. 



Meanwhile, in 1720, Dr. Waterland had, on the appointment of 

 Bishop Robinson, of London, preached the first course of sermons at 

 the lecture founded by Lady Moyer, which he afterwards published in 

 8vo, under the title of ' Eight Sermons, &c., in defence of the Divinity 

 of our Lord Jesus Christ.' Next year he was presented by the dean 

 and chapter of St. Paul's to the rectory of St. Austin's and St. Faith's, 

 in the city of London ; and in 1723 he was promoted by Archbishop 

 Dawes to the chancellorship of the church of York. The same year 

 he published his 'Critical History of the Athanasian Creed.' In 1727 

 lie was collated to a canonry of Windsor ; and in 1730 he was pre- 

 sented by the chapter of Windsor to the vicarage of Twickenham, 

 upon which he resigned his London living, but accepted the arch- 

 deaconry of Middlesex from his diocesan Bishop Gibson. 



The publication, in 1730, of Dr. Clarke's 'Exposition of the Church 

 Catechism,' drew Waterland into a new controversy both with Clarke 

 and Dr. Sykes. This was followed by another with Tindal, whose 

 'Christianity as old as the Creation' also appeared in 1730, and was 

 replied to by Waterland, in a work entitled ' Scripture Vindicated,' 

 &c., in 1732. Oat of this grew another controversy with Middleton ; 

 and that was succeeded by a fourth with the Rev. John Jackson, on 

 the worth of the a priori argument for the being of a God, which 

 opposed as it was to Waterland's natural turn of thought, which was 

 critical rather than metaphysical, may be supposed not to have 

 recommended itself to him the more as having been adopted by his 

 great Arian adversary Clarke. In 1734 he published a tract entitled 

 ' The Importance of the Holy Trinity asserted;' and in 1737, in an 

 Svo volume, 'A Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist, as laid down 

 in Scripture and Antiquity,' which was the last work he sent to the 

 press. He died on the 23rd of December 1740, at London, whither 

 he had come from Cambridge to consult Dr. Cheselden about his 

 complaint, a nail growing into one of his great toes, which ended in a 

 mortification. He left a widow, whom he had married in 1719, but 

 no children. Two volumes of his Sermons, with a discourse on the 

 Doctrine of Justification, and another on Infant Communion, appeared 

 in 1742, under the care of Joseph Clarke, M.A. ; and a complete 

 edition of Archdeacon Waterland's works, with a Life of the author, 

 by the late Bishop Van Mildert, was published at Oxford, in 11 vols. 

 Svo, in 1823. 



WATERLOO, ANTONI, a celebrated Dutch landscape-painter, 

 etcher, and engraver, was born near Utrecht about 1618. His land- 

 scapes are much prized, on account of their colouring, their skies, and 

 their foliage. His etchings are also excellent: their subjects are taken 

 chiefly from the vicinity of Utrecht, consisting of cottage scenes, 

 crooked roads, woods, and entrances into forests, &c. He could not 

 draw the figures : those in his pictures were painted by Weeninx and 

 others ; in his etchings he inserted them very sparingly. There are 

 many bad impressions of Waterloo's etchings, owing to his peculiar 

 mode of execution. He etched the whole design of an equal strength, 

 but slightly, and then finished in a bold manner with the graver those 

 parts which he desired to be most effective. As the plates therefore 

 were worked off, the etching grew perceptibly fainter, while that part 

 which was executed with the graver suffered comparatively no dimi- 

 nution of effect. Good impressions are much sought by collectors. 

 Bartsch has enumerated 134 of Waterloo's etchings, all of which he 

 has named and described. 



Although Waterloo was well paid for his works, and inherited 

 some property from his parents, he died in 1662, at the hospital of 

 St. Job, near Utrecht. He is accounted by some the most masterly 

 etcher of landscape, and his works have always been much studied by 

 engravers. 



WATSON, CHARLES, VICE-ADMIRAL, was born in 1714, and 

 was the son of the Rev. Dr. Watson, Prebendary of Westminster. The 

 loss of his father when he was but nine years of age enabled him to 

 follow the inclination he had already manifested of entering the naval 

 profession. His skill and bravery soon procured him promotion ; in 

 February 1738, he was appointed captain of the Garland frigate, and, 

 in 1744, he was transferred to the Dragon of 60 guns, under Admiral 

 Matthews, on the Mediterranean station. In that command his ser- 

 vices were required on several important occasions, and were generally 

 attended with success. Ho was afterwards sent by his admiral to 

 Cadiz, with orders to cruize off that harbour for a certain time, after- 



wards to proceed to Lisbon, and from thence to England. Though 

 these orders opened to him the prospect of making many rich prizes, 

 he ventured to disobey them on receiving intelligence that the enemy's 

 fleet was preparing for sea at Toulon ; and, regardless of his interests, 

 he directed his course to the Hiercs, iu order to join the English 

 fleet. During the course of the war, Captain Watson obtained dis- 

 tinction in the several ships which he commanded ; his conduct in 

 the action of the 3rd of May 1747, elicited the admiration even of 

 his enemies, and honourable mention was made of it by the French 

 admiral. In another action, during the same year, in which Sir 

 Edward Hawke commanded in chief, he displayed great intrepidity. 

 On the 12th of May 1748, his services were rewarded by his promo- 

 tion to the rank of rear-admiral of the blue, and in this capacity he 

 received orders to sail with a small fleet to Cape Breton. 



In 1754, he was appointed to the command of the squadron destined 

 to co-operate with the expedition of Colonel Clive [OLIVE, ROBERT, 

 LORD] in the East Indies ; and soon after his arrival in that country 

 he received his Majesty's commission appointing him rear-admiral of 

 the red. His first exploit was the reduction of Fort Geriah, February 

 13, 1756, which was held by a piratical prince, who had for many 

 years annoyed the English trade in the East Indies. In the attack 

 made by Colonel Clive on Chandernagore, a place of great strength, 

 and the chief settlement of the French in Bengal, in conjunction with 

 Admiral Pocock, he commanded the small fleet of only three ships of 

 the line destined to co-operate with the land-forces. The French 

 had prepared to resist him. by sinking several large vessels in the 

 river below the fort ; but the admiral having found a safe passage 

 by carefully sounding as he approached, directed so severe a fire upon 

 the enemy's defences, that, seconded by Colonel Clive's batteries on 

 the shore, the place capitulated in less than three hours (24th. of 

 March 1757). By the capture of this fort a large number of prisoners, 

 one hundred and eighty-three pieces of cannon, and a considerable 

 booty, fell into the hands of the English. Wich this exploit may be 

 said to end this admiral's short but successful career; on the 16th 

 of August 1757, he fell a victim to that unwholesome climate. His 

 death was severely felt by his companions in arms, by whom he was 

 admired for his skill and bravery, and beloved for his moral qualities 

 and amiable disposition. On the 18th of June 1763, the memory of 

 his services was consecrated by the erection of a monument in West- 

 minster Abbey, at the expense of the East India Company. 



WATSON, RICHARD, D.D., was born in August 1737, at Hover- 

 sham, near Kendal, in Westmoreland, where his father, a younger son 

 of a small statesman, or land-owner, had been head master of the 

 grammar-school from 1698 : the family, supposed to have come 

 originally from Scotland, had subsisted for at least three or four 

 generations at Hardendale, near Shap. His father having resigned 

 his office in 1737, although he lived till November 1753, Watson was 

 educated under his successor, who took little pains to give him an 

 accurate grammatical training; and about a year after his father's 

 death he was sent, on an exhibition of 5QL belonging to the school, 

 to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar, 3rd 

 of November 1754. .All he had, besides his exhibition, to carry him 

 through college, was a sum of BQOl. which his father had left him ; 

 but he set bravely to work to make his way to independence by hard 

 study and hard living. It is said that at first his dress was a coarse 

 mottled Westmoreland coat and blue yarn stockings. He offered him- 

 self as a candidate for a scholarship, which he obtained on the 2nd 

 of May 1757. In September following, while still only a junior soph, 

 he began to take pupils, and continued to be so employed, first as 

 private tutor, then as assistant college tutor, till, in October 1767, he 

 became one of the head tutors of Trinity College. Meanwhile lie had 

 taken his degree of B.A. in January 1759, when he was declared second 

 wrangler (he says himself, he ought to have been first) ; had been 

 elected a fellow of his college in October 1760 ; had graduated M.A. 

 at the commencement in 1762; and in November 1764, bad been, on 

 the death of Dr. Hadley, unanimously elected by the senate to the 

 professorship of chemistry. This was a strange choice, for at that 

 time Watson knew nothing of chemistry whatever; but he did not 

 disappoint the confidence that was felt, by himself and others, in hia 

 ardour, application, and quickness of comprehension. With the assist- 

 ance of an operator, whom he sent for immediately from Paris, and 

 by immuring himself in his laboratory, he acquired such an acquaint- 

 ance with his new subject as to enable him, in about fourteen mouths, 

 to read his first course of lectures, which were honoured with a nume- 

 rous attendance, and proved highly satisfactory. He afterwards 

 delivered other courses, which were equally successful; in 1768 he 

 printed a synopsis of the principles of the science under the title of 

 ' Institutions Metallurgies ; ' in 1769 he was elected a Fellow of the 

 Royal Society, and during some years after this he contributed many 

 chemical papers to the Philosophical Transactions. In 1771 he pub- 

 lished ' An Essay on the subjects of Chemistry, and their General 

 Divisions;' in 1781 he published two vols. 12mo, of 'Chemical 

 Essays;' a third appeared in 1782; and a fourth in 1786 completed 

 the work, which has often been reprinted, and was long very popular. 

 But Watson's first publication, properly so called, was 'An Assize 

 Sermon, preached at Cambridge,' 4to, 1769. About two years after 

 this, in October 1771, he was unanimously elected to the office of 

 regius professor of divinity, although he was at the time neither D.D. 



