741 



WILLMORE, JAMES TIBBITS. 



WILLOUGHBY, SIR HUGH. 



742 



church of England, he opened a room in his house for the performance 

 of divine service according to the ritual of that church. His loyalty 

 and attachment to episcopacy were not unrewarded at the Restoration : 

 he was appointed Sedleian professor of natural philosophy in the 

 university iu 1660. Ho soon after received the degree of M.D. In 

 1659 he published his first work, entitled ' Diatribao Duso ; prior agit 

 de Feruientatione, de Febribus altera ; his acceesit Dissertatio Epis- 

 tolica de Urinis/ the Hague, 12mo, 1659. In this work he shows 

 himself to be one of the chemical physicians of his day, and a follower 

 of the doctrines of Sylvius de la Boe. Mixed up with a good deal of 

 sound observation, the most absurd views with regard to the action of 

 medicine and the causes of the phenomena of disease are to be found 

 in this volume. He was much more successful as an anatomist, aud 

 in 1664 published his great work on the anatomy of the brain, ' Cerebri 

 Anatome ; cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus,' London, 4to. In 

 this work he gave a new method of dissecting the brain, and a much 

 more accurate account of its anatomy tban had been previously done. 

 This book contains the germs of those modern views of the physiology 

 of the brain which are adopted by phrenologists. Willis referred the 

 faculty of commou sense to the corpus striatum ; the imagination he 

 supposed had a locality in the corpus callosum, and memory its seat 

 in the cineritious matter of the brain. The cerebellum he believed 

 controlled involuntary motion. However" much these views may differ 

 from those of modern physiologists, the idea of the brain being a con- 

 geries of organs is distinctly recognised. Whilst at Oxford Willis was 

 a member of a philosophical society which is said to have led to the 

 foundation of the Royal Society of London, of which bdy he was 

 elected one of the earliest fellows. At the solicitation of Sheldon, who 

 was then bishop of London, Willis determined to commence practice 

 in London, and came here in 1666, shortly afcer the great fire, and was 

 immediately appointed physician in ordinary to the king. In 1667 he 

 published a work on the pathology of the brain and nervous system, 

 ' Pathologic Cerebri et Nervosi- Generis Specimina,' Oxford, 4to. This 

 work, in which he gave an explanation of the phenomena presented 

 in convulsive diseases, hysteria, and hypocbondriasis, was bitterly 

 attacked by Highmore, who maintained that the seat of those diseases 

 was in the heart, stomach, lungs, and liver, and not in the nervous 

 system. To the attack of Highmore, Willis replied in a work entitled 

 ' Adfectionum quse dicuntur Hystericso et Hypochondriacs, Patholo- 

 gia Spasmodica vindicata,' &c., London, 8vo, 1670. 



About the time of the publication of this last work, he lost his first 

 wife, who was a daughter of Dean Fell. This event afflicted him 

 much, and as a relief to his mind he composed his work on the souls 

 of brutes, entitled ' De Anima Brutorum, qu Hominis vitalis ac 

 sensitiva est,' Oxford, 4to, 1672. In this work he maintains that the 

 soul of brutes is like the vital principle in man, that it is corporeal iu 

 its nature, and perishes with the body. This work, though written 

 for consolation, brought him much trouble. Although it was dedi- 

 cated to the Archbishop of Canterbury, his orthodoxy, a matter that 

 Willis regarded much, was called in question. These disputes greatly 

 affected him, and he sought relief for his anxiety in a second marriage. 

 He began to publish another work, which he never finished, entitled 

 ' Pharmaceutica Rationalis,' of which the first part was published at 

 Oxford in 1673, and the second in 1675. This work, like his first, was 

 an attempt to explain all the phenomena of disease on the principles 

 of the chemical philosophy. His Latin style is neat and elegant. All 

 his works abound in hypothesis, but they contain a great amount of 

 sound observation, which renders them well worth perusal. Most of 

 his works have gone through numerous editions, and the whole of 

 them, with the title ' Opera Omnia Willisii,' have been published 

 several times in this country and on the continent, but they have long 

 fallen into comparative neglect. 



Willis died of pleuritis, on tho llth of November 1675. He was 

 remarkable for his piety, and procured a service to be performed in 

 the church in St. Martin's-lane, every morning early, in order that he 

 might attend before he visited his patients. At his death he left a 

 bequest of 20Z. a year for the continuation of this service. He also 

 appropriated all his Sunday fees to charitable purposes. He dis- 

 covered the mineral-spring at Astrop near Berkeley in Northampton- 

 shire, and made it very famous, till the people of the place offending 

 the well-known Dr. Ratcliffe, made him declare that he would put ' a toad 

 in their well,' which he did by decrying its virtues wherever he went. 

 There are two English works said to be written by Willis, which were 

 published after his death : the one ' A plain and Easie Method for pre- 

 serving (by God's Blessing) those that are well from the Infection of 

 the Plague,' written in 1666 ; and another, a collection of receipts 

 selected from Dr. Willis's medical works. 



* WILLMORE, JAMES TIBBITS, Associate Engraver in the Royal 

 Academy, was born in London, in September 1800. His teacher in 

 engraving is said to have been a Mr. Burke, but he has formed a style 

 for himself, which very happily renders the peculiarities of our English 

 landscape painters. He has a fine feeling for colour and chiaroscuro, 

 and renders the nicer gradations of atmospheric effect in a very 

 admirable manner. Hence he is particularly successful in engraving 

 from the paintings and drawings of Turner, from whose works his best 

 plates have been produced. His chief prints after Turner are, ' The 

 Old Temeraire,' ' Mercury and Argus,' ' Ancient Italy,' ' The Golden 

 Bough,' ' The Dogana,' and ' Bellini's picture conveyed to the Church 



of the Redentore, Venice,' for the Art Union 1858 : he has besides 

 engraved many of the plates in the ' Rivers of France,' &c. His other 

 more important engravings are ' Byron's Dream,' after Eaetlake ; 

 ' Tilbury Fort,' ' The Rhine,' and 'Powis Castle,' after Calcott; ' Wind 

 against Tide,' and an 'Italian Town,' after Stanfield; and 'Crossing 

 tho Bridge,' and ' A Harvest Party,' after Landseer ; besides others 

 after Chalon, Leitch, &c. Mr. Willmore was elected into the Royal 

 Academy as associate engraver in 1843. 



WILLOCK, WILLOCKS, or WILLOX, JOHN, one of the earliest 

 champions of the Reformation in Scotland, is supposed to have been 

 born in Ayrshire, about the beginning of the 16th century, and to 

 have studied at the University of Glasgow. In his earlier years he 

 was a friar, but whether Franciscan or Dominican is not clearly ascer- 

 tained. He visited England in 1541, having before that time become 

 a convert to the opinions of the Reformers, and he was there subjected 

 to imprisonment, as a mitigation apparently of a severer punishment 

 attending a breach of the six articles of Henry VIII. He became 

 afterwards chaplain to the Duke of Suffolk, and on the accession of 

 Mary he fled to Friesland. He was there patronised by the Duchess 

 Anne, who employed him in several missions to Scotland. About the 

 year 1558 he returned to reside in his native country, and preached 

 the doctrines of the Reformation in the town of Ayr. He dis- 

 tinguished himself as a controversialist, and carried on a debate with 

 the principal champions of Catholicism in Scotland. In 1559 he was 

 cited, along with other reformers, to answer for the opinions promul- 

 gated by him, and was outlawed for not appearing, a circumstance 

 attributed with apparent justice to breach of faith on the part of 

 Mary, the Queen Regent. He now rose in popularity ; large masses 

 of people flocked to his ministrations ; and as the head of a party he 

 became sufficiently powerful to cause the rejection of a proposal by 

 the humbled Regent, that the Romish as well as the Protestant service 

 might be placed at the option of the people. He was one of the four 

 ministers appointed, to assist the council of government on the depo- 

 sition of the Regent. In 1561 he was appointed one of the 'super- 

 intendants ' who succeeded to some of the duties of the Catholic 

 bishops. He spent a great part of the remainder of his life in Eng- 

 land, but was moderator of several General Assemblies in Scotland 

 from 1563 to 1568. The time of his death is not known. (Wodrow, 

 Biographical Collections printed for the Maitland Club, pp. 99-116, 

 449-453.) 



WILLOUGHBY, SIR HUGH. The history of this unfortunate 

 voyager is very obscure. A portrait is shown at Wollaton Hall in 

 Nottinghamshire (an ancient seat of the Willoughbys of Risby in 

 Derbyshire) as that of Sir Hugh. Collins conjectures that " Sir 

 Hugh Willoughby, Knt., of Risby in Derbyshire, grandson of Sir 

 Henry Willoughby, who died in 1528, by his son William, who died 

 before his father, was the Voyager." If this conjecture be correct, 

 Sir Hugh was the son of William, by his wife Helena, daughter and 

 co-heiress of Sir John Egertou, of Wrine Hall in the county of 

 Chester, and had himself a son Henry (created a baronet by James I. 

 in June 1611), by his wife Johanna, daughter of Sir Nicholas 

 Strclly, Knt. 



Clement Adams, in his narrative of Chancellor's voyage, mentions 

 Sir Hugh in these terms : " To which office and place [commander 

 of the expedition fitted out by the merchants adventurers iu 1553], 

 although many men (and some of them void of experience) offered 

 themselves, yet one Sir Hugh Willoughbie, a most valiant gentleman 

 and well born, very earnestly requested to have that care and com- 

 mand committed unto him ; of whom before all others, both by 

 reason of his goodly personage (for he was of a tall stature) as also 

 for his singular skill in the services of war, the company of merchants 

 made greatest account ; so that at the last they concluded, and made 

 choice of him for the governor of this voyage, and appointed to him 

 the admiral, with authority and command over all the rest." This 

 nppoiutment was confirmed in a licence to discover strange countries 

 from the King Edward VI., of which a manuscript copy is contained 

 in a volume (Faustina, C., ii.) of the Cotton collection in the British 

 Museum. 



The only narrative of this voyage that we have been able to discover 

 is that contained in the first volume of Hakluyt, purporting to be the 

 journal of Sir Hugh Willoughby himself, and incidental notices in 

 Clement Adams's account of Chancellor's adventures, and in the 

 voyages of Burrough and Jenkinson in 1756, in the same collection. 

 Among the Cotton manuscripts already alluded to (Otho, E., viii.) 

 there is a list of the three ships fitted out for the expedition, and of 

 the names and offices of all persons embarked in them; and a journal 

 of the voyage from the 10th of May to the end of September 1553. 

 It has been much injured by fire, but enough remains to show that it 

 corresponds exactly with what is printed in Hakluyt's work. It 

 appears to be in the hand-writing of Michael Lok. Purchas (vol. iii., p. 

 463) mentions ''a will of Gabriel Willoughby, his kinsman, subscribed 

 by Sir Hugh, which will I now have, and keep as a relic of that worthy 

 discoverer." 



The expedition of which Sir Hugh Willoughby was appointed com- 

 mander was fitted out by " the mystery and company of merchants 

 adventurers for the discovery of regions, dominions, islands, and 

 places unknown," whose governor was Sebastian Cabot. It consisted 

 of three vessels : the Bona Speranza, of 120 tons, commanded by Sir 



