JU 



WINCKELMANN, JOHANN JOACHIM. 



WINDHAM, WILLIAM. 



756 



dea Pierres gravies du feu Baron de Stosch '). Upon liia return to 

 Home, the Cardinal Albani offered him the place of his librarian and 

 custoa of his gallery of antiquities, with apartments free, and a 

 monthly salary of ten scudi : a situation exactly suited to the taste of 

 Winckelmann, and which, with his salary from Dresden, which was 

 still continued, enabled him to live at ease and in comfort ; for about 

 thirty shillings a week and a free lodging was, in Winckelmann's time, 

 a good bachelor's allowance at Rome. 



In 1762 his 'Remarks upon the Architecture of the Ancients' 

 (Anmerkungen iiber die Baukunst der Alten)Jwas printed in Germany. 

 In 1763 he received the appointment of Antiquario della Camera 

 Apostolica, with a salary of about 15 scudi per month; he had also 

 from the Cardinal Albani, who succeeded in 1761, after the death of 

 Cardinal Passionei, to the post of librarian of the Vatican, a retaining 

 salary of 50 scudi per annum, for the first vacancy in the Vatican 

 library. In 1764 appeared at length, at Dresden, his 'History of 

 Ancient Art' (Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums). About the 

 same period appeared his ' Sendschreiben ueber die Herculanischen 

 Alterthiitner,' and ' Nachrichten von den neuesten Herculanischen 

 Entdeckungen.' He now became known throughout Europe, was 

 elected a member of several foreign scientific and literary societies, 

 and acquired many friends and some enemies, especially among dilet- 

 tanti, who found some of the critical opinions and theories of Winckel- 

 mann particularly obnoxious. In 1765 the King of Prussia ofiered 

 Winckelmann, through Colonel Guichard, the superintendence of the 

 library and museum of antiquities of Berlin, but as Winckelmann 

 demanded a salary of 2000 dollars (300.), double what the king offered, 

 the negociations ceased. In 1766 appeared his ' Monument! Antichi 

 Inediti,' with 227 plates; in 1767, 'Anmerkungen zur Geschichte der 

 Kunst,' as a sort of supplement to his History. 



In 1768 he revisited Germany with the sculptor Cavaceppi, after an 

 absence of twelve years, but he had no sooner passed the Alps than 

 he complained of the chilling appearance of everything around him, 

 and wished to return to Italy. Cavaceppi however with, much diffi- 

 culty persuaded him to go to Munich, where he was well received, 

 and even as far as Regensburg ; but Winckelmann would not go one 

 step farther, and he changed his course for the road to Vienna, on his 

 way back to Italy. His friend accompanied him, and they arrived on 

 the 12th of May at Vienna. In Vienna the greatest attentions were 

 paid to him, and several persons of distinction endeavoured to per- 

 suade him to prosecute his journey to Berlin, his original destination, 

 but all failed. Winckelmann left Vienna for Trieste in the beginning 

 of June : the last portion of his journey he made in company with an 

 Italian scoundrel of the name of Francesco Arcangeli. This man had 

 been cook to the Count Cataldo in Vienna; he perceived the simplicity 

 of Winckelmann's character ; he gained his confidence, and Winckel- 

 mann showed him a gold medal and other presents of value which he 

 had received at the court of Vienna. At Trieste he was obliged to 

 wait for a vessel to Ancona, and as he was sitting in his room at his 

 inn, on the 8th of June, his travelling companion came to take leave 

 of him, telling him that he was obliged to go into the Venetian state 

 on business, and he requested him before he went to let him again look 

 at the medal which he had received at Vienna. Winckelmann, as 

 unsuspicious as a child, immediately complied, when the villain sud- 

 denly attacked him with a knife ; a struggle ensued, and Winckelmann 

 fell pierced with five stabs in the stomach. At this moment a child 

 with whom Winckelmann had been playing knocked at the door ; the 

 murderer fled without his booty, but he was afterwards caught and 

 executed. Winckelmann died seven hours after he had received the 

 wounds, in the fifty-first year of his age. He bequeathed bis property, 

 with the exception of a small sum of money, to the Cardinal Albani. 

 The manuscript additions and notes he had prepared for the new 

 edition of his ' History of the Arts of Antiquity ' were deposited in 

 the Imperial Academy of the Arts at Vienna, and in 1676 a new 

 edition of tie work was published there by the Academy, but it was 

 so carelessly done that it created general disappointment. 



Winckelmann's chief work is his ' History of Ancient Art,' but it is 

 very incomplete, as he himself was well aware ; nor can it be looked 

 upon as any more than what the Germans call ' Ideen zur Geschichte,' 

 and had he lived he would most probably have left a very different 

 work. As it is however, when we consider that he had to pioneer his 

 own way through an untrodden path, it is a work of great merit, 

 although to him, owing to the vast store of classical learning which he 

 brought to the task, it may have been a labour of comparatively easy 

 accomplishment A history of ancient art it is not ; it is rather a 

 critical account of the remains of ancient art, and in some parts cer- 

 tainly hypercritical, and in others a mere elaboration of theories. 

 Painting is little more than touched upon. The reputation of Winck- 

 elmann was limited to the learned before Gothe wrote his eloquent 

 dissertation upon the character of his genius and writings, which was 

 published in 1805 at Tubingen, together with his letters to Berendis, 

 twenty-seven in number, and a sketch of the history of the arts of 

 the 18th century, under the title of ' Winkelmann und sein Jahr- 

 hundert.' Five collections of Winckelmann's letters have been 

 published at different periods, amounting in all to 425. 



One consequence of the writings of Winckelmann, and that a 

 productive one, is, that they have led many scholars and artists to 

 turn their attention to a subject before at least for a period com' 



paratively neglected; and the result has been several learned and 

 valuable works, both French and German, upon the history and 

 archaeology of art. Some of Winckelmann's views have very properly 

 met with strong opponents, and may now perhaps bo considered as 

 exploded. In 1808 a complete edition of his works, with the exception 

 of the 'Mouumenti Antichi Inediti' and the catalogue of Baron 

 Stosch's cabinet of gems, was commenced to be published at Dresden, 

 edited by Fernow, Meyer, Schulze, and Siebelia ; it was completed in 

 1820, in 8 vols. 8vo, including indexes. This edition contains a few 

 short treatises which have not been mentioned in this notice, the 

 biography of which has been taken from the short Life of Winckel- 

 mann prefixed to the Dresden edition of his works. 



* WINDHAM, MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES ASH, is a native 

 of the county of Norfolk, and belongs to a family of great antiquity 

 and respectability. He is son of Colonel Windham, and entered the 

 army on the 30th of December 1826 as lieutenant. He became 

 captain May 81, 1833 ; major, November 9, 1846 ; lieutenant-colonel, 

 December 29, 1846 ; and colonel, June 20, 1854. He was attached 

 during many years to the Coldstream Guards. During the campaign 

 in the Crimea, Colonel Windham served as assistant quarter-master- 

 general of the Fourth Division. When Sir George Cathcart was slain 

 at the battle of Inkermann Colonel Windham was near him, and after- 

 wards, being the only mounted officer unwounded, succeeded him in 

 the command of the troops till the end of the action. He was after- 

 wards appointed by General Simpson to succeed Brigadier-General 

 Lockyer in the command of the second brigade of the second division. 

 On the day when the Malakoff battery was captured Colonel Windham 

 led the column which stormed the Redan, and he remained within the 

 fortress leading and stimulating the troops. Atl ength, having sent 

 three times to General Codrington for fresh troops in support, and 

 finding that no assistance came, he said to Captain Crealock, " I must 

 go to the general for supports. Now, mind, let it be known, in case I 

 am killed, why I went away." He reached General Codrington, 

 through a storm of balls, without having been struck ; but imme- 

 diately afterwards the troops retreated in confusion from the Redan. 

 After the capture of Sebastopol, Colonel Windham received the 

 appointment of governor of the Karabalnaia that part of the fortress 

 which the British occupied. By the Crown he had been created a 

 Commander of the Bath, July 5, 1855, and was now promoted to the 

 rank of major-general, "for his distinguished conduct in having with 

 the greatest intrepidity and coolness headed the column of attack 

 which assaulted the enemy's defences on the 8th of September 1855." 

 He also received the medal and clasps. On the resignation of General 

 Barnard, in November 1855, he became chief of the staff of the 

 Eastern army. He has this year (1857), as stated in the public 

 journals, gone out to Hindustan to enter again into active service. 



WINDHAM, WILLIAM, was born on the 3rd of May 1750, in 

 Golden-square, London, and was the only son of Colonel William 

 Windham, of Felbrigg in Norfolk. The Windhams had been settled 

 in Norfolk ever since the llth or the beginning of the 12th century, 

 and took their name from the town of Wymondham (pronounced 

 Windham), where .they resided till the middle of the 15th century, 

 when one of Mr. Windham's ancestors purchased the property at 

 Felbrigg. Mr. Windham lost his father when he was only eleven years 

 old. He had been placed at Eton at the age of seven, and was con- 

 tinued there till he was sixteen by his guardians, who were Dr. 

 Dampier (then under-master at Eton and afterwards dean of Durham), 

 Garrick the actor, Mr. Price of Hereford, and Dr. Stillingfleet. He 

 was then sent for a year to the University of Glasgow, where he applied 

 himself with great diligence to the study of mathematics, a study for 

 which he retained his fondness and which he pursued with success in 

 his later life. In September 1767 he was entered as a gentleman- 

 commoner at University College, Oxford. He left Oxford in 1771, 

 having in the meantime refused an offer from Lord Townshend, an 

 intimate friend of his father's, when appointed lord-lieutenant of 

 Ireland, to go with him to Ireland as his private secretary. At this 

 period of his life so marked was the future statesman's indifference to 

 politics, that, as wo are told by Mr. Amyot, his biographer, on Mr. 

 Windham's own authority, it was a standing joke of one of his contem- 

 poraries, that " Windham would never know who was prime minister." 

 On leaving Oxford, Mr. Windham went abroad. In 1773 he joined an 

 expedition of discovery then setting out, under the command of Com- 

 modore Phipps (afterwards Lord Mulgrave), towards the North Pole. 

 Illness however obliged him to land on the coast of Norway, and to 

 forego the expedition. 



Mr. Windham's first appearance as a public speaker, and in connec- 

 tion with politics, was at a county meeting held at Norwich, on the 

 28th of January 1778, in order to set on foot a subscription in aid of 

 government, for carrying on the war with the American colonies. 

 Lord Townshend having proposed, and the Hon. Henry Hobart, brother 

 of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, having seconded the opening of a 

 subscription, Mr. Windham came forward strenuously to oppose it, 

 and to denounce the conduct of the American war. Two years after, 

 the interval having been passed by Mr. Windham almost entirely 

 abroad, the memory of this speech led to his being put in nomination, 

 in his absence and without his knowledge, for the city of Norwich, in 

 the general election of 1780. He happened to arrive at Norwich, on 

 his return from abroad to Felbrigg, being ignorant of the use which 



