761 



WINSTON, THOMAS. 



WINTER, PETER VON. 



762 



of Europe. Ho first went to Holland, where he studied for some 

 time, and in 1G98 lie arrived in Paris. Here he became a pupil of the 

 celebrated Duverney, who encouraged his taste for the study of ana- 

 tomy. He pursued his medical studies without any other interruption 

 than an occasional discussion on the subject of religion with a youug 

 Dane. Winslow for the sake of argument assumed the principles of 

 Romanism, and, to render himself more skilled, purchased Bossuet's 

 ' Exposition of the Doctrine of the Church.' This work led him 

 seriously to question his own principles as a Protestant, and as a con- 

 sequence he had recourse to Bossuet, who was then bishop of Meaux, 

 to solve his difficulties. This happened at a time when Louis XIV. 

 was doing all that he could to bring back the Protestants into the 

 bosom of the Church; Bossuet left no argument unused, and the 

 young student of anatomy was induced publicly to recant and enter 

 the Roman church. This appears to have been an act of conviction 

 on the part of Wiaslow ; if he expected to derive any advantage from 

 it in Paris, he forfeited all in Denmark, and from thenceforth was 

 expatriated. The Bishop of Meaux however became his patron, and 

 he accordingly proceeded to take his degree from the Faculty of 

 Medicine in Paris, which he did in 1705, not however until after the 

 death of his benefactor, who died in 1704. He had by this time ren- 

 dered himself favourably known by his exertions. In 1707 he was 

 admitted a student of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, and 

 afterwards an associate. About this time he also assisted Duverney 

 in his lectures on anatomy and surgery in the Jardin du Roi. He 

 himself succeeded to this position, but not till after the death of 

 Hunault, who was successor to Duverney, and which occurred in 1743. 

 Eleven years previous to this, Winslow had published his great work 

 on human anatomy, with the title 'Exposition Anatomique de la 

 Structure du Corps Humaiu,' 4to, Paris, 1732. This work obtained 

 for him at once a great reputation, and placed him among the best 

 anatomists of his day. This work is not more remarkable for its 

 embracing the labours of others, and the clear manner in which the 

 matter is arranged, than it is for the amount of original observation 

 which it contains. In the introductory chapters to the description 

 of each system of organs, he gives a general view of their functions, 

 and in this department of science his judicious observations did much 

 to prepare for subsequent discoveries, especially with regard to the 

 functions of the muscular system. The ' Exposition ' has often been 

 republished. It was translated into English, and published in London 

 as early after its publication as 1733. It was also translated into 

 Latin, German, and Italian ; and is the model on which most of our 

 text-books on human anatomy have since been constructed. 



Some of Winslow's biographers state that he was twice nearly buried 

 alive, by falling into a state of only apparent death. This induced 

 him to take up the subject of the signs of certain and uncertain death, 

 and the result of his researches he published in 1740, in an answer to 

 the question "An mortis iucertse signa minus incerta a chirurgicis 

 quarn ab aliia experiments ? " This treatise was translated into 

 French, and published in two volumes, 12mo, at Paris, in 1742. In 

 this work the author has brought forward a number of cases of per- 

 sons buried, opened, and otherwise treated as dead, who were only 

 apparently so, and arrives at the conclusion that nothing but the indi- 

 cation of decomposition of the body going on is sufficient evidence of 

 death. 



In addition to his other appointments Winslow was made expounder 

 of the Teutonic languages at the Royal Library of Paris. He was an 

 active member of the Royal Academy, and published several papers 

 on various subjects in their Memoirs. He practised medicine in Paris, 

 but was remarkable for the timidity with which he prescribed, and is 

 said never to have ordered a powerful dose of medicine without 

 trembling. It has often happened in the history of medicine that 

 those who have studied the human frame in detail have been afraid 

 to treat it as a whole, and some of the best anatomists have been 

 the worst practitioners. Winslow lived to the age of ninety-one, 

 having died on the 3rd of April 1760. Ho married in 1711, and left 

 behind him a son and a daughter. 



WINSTON, THOMAS, was born in 1575. He received his educa- 

 tion at Clare Hall, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow. He 

 took his degree of Master of Arts in 1602. Having determined on 

 studying medicine, he visited the Continent, and attended the lectures 

 of the most celebrated men of the day. He became a pupil of 

 Fabricius ab Aquapendente, also of Caspar Bauhin of Basel, and of 

 Prosper Alpinus at Padua. He took his degree of Doctor of Medicine 

 at Padua, and returned to London to practise his profession in 1607. 

 He was then admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians, and 

 became a Fellow in 1613. On the death of Dr. Mounsell, in 1615, he 

 was appointed professor of anatomy at Gresham College. It was here 

 he delivered those lectures on anatomy which after his death were 

 published, and were for a long time considered the best text-book for 

 students of anatomy. He obtained permission from the House of 

 Lords to leave the country during the troubles of 1642, and returned 

 after an absence of ten years. He died on the 24th of October 1655. 



WINT, PETER DE, was born at Stone, in Staffordshire, in 1784. 

 He was apprenticed to Raphael Smith, the mezzotlnto engraver, and 

 had for a fellow pupil, Hilton, the academician, whose sister he after- 

 wards married. Abandoning engraving, Mr. De Wint adopted painting 

 in water-colours as his line of art ; and was elected a member of the 



Society of Painters in Water-Colours, in 1810, six years after its 

 foundation. For nearly forty years his pictures were among the lead- 

 ing attractions of the annual exhibitions of that society. He painted 

 almost exclusively home scenery : Views in Kent, Lincolnshire, &c. ; 

 among the lakes and mountains of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and 

 Wales ; on the Thames, the Wye, and other rivers ; corn-fields, hay- 

 fields, water-mills, and the like, being especial favourites with his 

 pencil. His style was broad, bold, and vigorous, his colour fresh; 

 and in general effect his pictures represented with fidelity the ordinary 

 aspects of English scenery. But he was wanting in refinement, and iu 

 aiming at breadth of effect he was often negligent of details. His 

 touch and texture were peculiar ; but, allowing for an almost inevitable 

 mannerism, very agreeable and effective. Avoiding all the methods 

 adopted by the younger generation of water-colour painters for pro- 

 ducing force and brilliancy, he to the last continued to paint according 

 to the method of the founders of the English school with washes of 

 transparent colours only, but what he thus lost in power and variety 

 he, to some extent, made up in clearness and freshness. He died on 

 the 30th of June 1849, in his sixty-sixth year. 



WINTER, JAN WILLEM VAN, was born at the Texel in 1750. 

 He entered the naval service of Holland in 1762, and soon distinguished 

 himself by his zeal and courage. He was still only a lieutenant in 

 1787, when the Revolution broke out in Holland. He attached him- 

 self to the popular party, and the adherents of the Stadtholder 

 having gained the ascendancy, he was obliged to fly to France. He 

 entered the French army ; served with distinction under Dumourier 

 and Pichegru, in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793; and was promoted 

 to the rank of general of brigade. Van Winter returned to Holland in 

 1795, when the republican army under Pichegru invaded that country. 

 The states-general invited him to re-enter their navy, and offered him. 

 the rank of rear-admiral. Next year he was promoted to be vice- 

 admiral, and placed in command of the Texel fleet. 



After being kept in port for a considerable time by a superior 

 blockading force, he evaded its vigilance, and put to sea, intending to 

 join the French armament at Brest, on the 7th of October 1797, at the 

 head of twenty-seven armed vessels, fourteen of which were ships of 

 the line. At nine o'clock in the morning of the llth, he found himself 

 in presence of the English fleet under Admiral Duncan, which con- 

 sisted of sixteen ships of the line and a number of smaller vessels. 

 The action commenced about twelve o'clock, and continued for three 

 hours and a half. The Vryheid (74 guns), Van Winter's ship, engaged 

 with three English vessels, and struck to Vice- Admiral Onslow, after 

 losing all its masts and half of its crew. The Dutch lost in this 

 action nine ships of the line, taken or sunk, 600 meu killed, and about 

 800 wounded. The loss on the side of the victorious English was 

 scarcely less severe. 



Van Winter was received in England with the respect due to a 

 brave man. He was liberated by exchange in a few months, and, on 

 the llth of October, the court-martial commissioned to examine into 

 his conduct declared that he had maintained the honour of the 

 flag of the Batavian republic. The despatch iu which Admiral 

 Duncan gave an account of the action bears testimony to the obstinate 

 valour with which both Van Winter and his second iu command 

 (Vice-Admiral Reyntjes) fought their ships : "The carnage on board 

 the two ships which bore the admirals' flags has been beyond all 

 description." 



He was sent in the capacity of minister plenipotentiary to the 

 French government in 1798, and retained the appointment till 1802, 

 when he was recalled to take the command of the Dutch fleet. The 

 only memorable event that marked his period of command was the 

 termination of the differences between Holland and Tripoli by his 

 management. Louis Bonaparte, when king of Holland, reposed entire 

 confidence in Van Winter, whom he created Count of Huesca, marshal 

 of the kingdom, and commander-in-chief both of the sea and land 

 forces. Napoleon, after he incorporated Holland in the empire, 

 treated him with equal favour, made him grand officer of the Legion 

 of Honour and inspector-general of the shores of the North Sea. In 

 July 1811, Van Winter was appointed to command the naval force 

 assembled at the Texel. A severe attack of sickness forced him to 

 leave the fleet for Paris, where he died on the 2nd of June 1812. He 

 was buried in the Parthenon, with all the ceremonies usually observed 

 at the obsequies of the great dignitaries of the empire ; M. Marren 

 delivered the funeral oration. 



WINTER, PETER VON, chapel-master to the king of Bavaria and 

 knight of the Order of Merit, was born at Mannheim in 1755. His 

 father, a brigadier in the Palatine Guards, observing his son's genius 

 for music, placed him with the court musician, Mair, from whom he 

 learned the rudiments of the art. His instrument being the violin, 

 he completed his studies as a performer under William Cramer (tho 

 father of J. B. and F. Cramer), who was first violin at the court of 

 Mannheim from 1750 to 1770. With this excellent master he mado 

 such progress that he became a performer in the elector's orchestra at 

 the age of ten, and speedily distinguished himself on other instru- 

 ments. It has been generally supposed that Winter studied compo- 

 sition under the Abbe" Vogler. He always denied this however, and 

 in a manner which indicated a strong dislike of the abbe". He cer- 

 tainly had an opportunity of acquiring information from Salieri of 

 Vienna ; but it is probable that ho was more indebted to hia own 



