S!)3 



YOUNG, PATRICK. 



YOUNG, THOMAS, M.D. 



894 



weight of the atmosphere, together with that of the column of water 

 above it, and upwards by the equal pressure of the atmosphere at the 

 lower end of the tube, diminished by the weight of the column of 

 water in the tube ; therefore the resulting pressure on that lamina 

 downwards is equal to the weight of a column of water whose height 

 is equal to the entire depth of the water in the vessel. All the fluid 

 in the tube descends with the same velocity ; whereas, with a simple 

 orifice at the bottom, each lamina of water in the vessel descends with 

 a -velocity depending merely on the weight of the column of fluid 

 above it : the sides also of the tube prevent the lateral particles of 

 water from converging towards the orifice, by which the discharge of 

 the fluid through a simple orifice is diminished. 



In the department of pure mathematics Dr. Young contributed a 

 paper containing a demonstration of the rule for the quadrature of 

 simple curves by infinite series ; and one on the extraction of roots in 

 general : this is printed in the first volume of the 'Transactions ;' and 

 in the same volume there is a paper by him containing a collection of 

 ancient Gaelic poems. An interesting paper by Dr. Young on the 

 ' Origin and Theory of the Gothic Arch,' is published in the third 

 volume. In this paper the writer offers an opinion that the Gothic 

 architects were induced to employ pointed arches in their buildings 

 from a knowledge of their mathematical properties : from an investi- 

 gation of their strength, on scientific principles, he comes to the con- 

 clusion that a pointed arch whose radius of curvature is equal to the 

 span, or the distance between the supporting pillars, is the weakest of 

 the kind, and also that the strength increases as the radius of the 

 curve becomes, within certain limits, either less or greater than the 

 span. In comparing low Gothic arches with arches of a semicircular 

 form, he proves that, when the radius of the former is equal to three- 

 fourths of the span, the strength is to that of a semicircular arch of 

 equal span as 1000 to 1257 ; and when the radius is two-thirds of the 

 span, as 1000 to 1210. In the fourth volume of the 'Transactions' 

 there is a paper by Dr. Young containing demonstrations of Newton's 

 theorems for the correction of the spherical aberration in the object- 

 lenses of telescopes. 



Besides these contributions to the Academy, Dr. Young published 

 separately ' An Essay on the Phenomena of Sounds and Musical 

 String?,' 8vo, 1784. He subsequently published a short essay on the 

 primitive colours in solar light, and one on the precession of the equi- 

 noxes. His last work was that which he entitled ' Principles of Natural 

 Philosophy,' 8vo, 1800, and which contains the substance of the 

 lectures which he had delivered at the university. 



YOUNG, PATRICK, Latinised Patricius Junius, the son of Peter 

 Young, was born on his father's estate at Seton in East Lothian, N.B., 

 on the 29th of August 1584. He studied at the University of St. 

 Andrews, where he took the degree of A.M. in 1603. He lived for 

 some time with Dr. Lloyd, bishop of Chester, by whom his love of 

 study was appreciated and encouraged. It was probably through' 

 the influence of Lloyd and other patrons that, in 1605, he was by 

 special favour incorporated in the degree of M.A. at Oxford, without 

 having followed any course of study in England. He took deacon's 

 orders, and was chosen chaplain of New College. He afterwards went 

 to London with the view of trying his fortune at the court of King 

 James, and through the influence of Montague, the bishop of Bath 

 and Wells, he obtained a pension of 501. a year. He was appointed 

 keeper of the king's library, and occupied himself for some time in 

 classifying and cataloguing the books. In 1617 he went to France 

 and other neighbouring states, partly with the view of making collec- 

 tions for the library. He carried with him recommendations from 

 Camden, and being able to speak several languages, he soon formed 

 an intimate acquaintance with a large circle of learned men. His 

 biographer Smith has collected such incidental notices of his person, 

 or of his works, as are afforded by contemporary continental writers, 

 and the collection shows his circle of admirers to have been both 

 extensive and illustrious. From a very early age it had been his 

 ambition to be a master of Greek, and he carried on a considerable 

 portion of his correspondence with his learned contemporaries in that 

 tongue. His enthusiastic admiration of ancient Greece extended 

 itself to the modern inhabitants of that country, among whom ht 

 seems to have been anxious to resuscitate a knowlege of the literature 

 of their ancestors. He made the personal acquaintance of several 

 Greeks, whom he invited to England, supporting them there by his 

 own funds, and the subscriptions of friends who sympathised in his 

 views. It does not appear that more than one of these ever fulfilled 

 by his subsequent exertions for the regeneration of his countrymen, 

 the views of his enlightened patron. Young has not left behind him 

 many literary memorials of his high reputation for scholarship. He 

 appears to have been an indolent man, and not anxious for literary 

 fame. Seldon dedicates to him the ' Marmora Arucdeliana ' in very 

 flattering terms, describing himself, in drawing up that work, as doing 

 little more than collect and arrange the elucidations which Young had 

 the merit of suggesting. He assisted his countryman Thomas Reid 

 in translating into Latin the works of King James. On the arrival in 

 1628 of the Alexandrine Manuscript of the Bible in the royal library 

 of which he had charge, he commenced a critical examination of its 

 contents, with the view of publishing an edition of the whole contents 

 of the manuscript. Of his exertions however in pursuance of this 

 project he left behind him only a few vestiges. Among these there is 



a collection of notes down to the fifteenth chapter of Numbers, which 

 are published in the sixth volume of Walton's Polyglot Bible, under 

 the title ' Patricii Junii Annotationes quas paraverat ad MS. Alexan- 

 drini Editionem, in quibus Codicem ilium antiquissitnum cum Textu 

 Hebraico et veteribus EccleBioe Scriptoribus, aliisque Grsecis Editio- 

 nibus confert.' He published, in 1633, an edition of the Epistles of 

 Clemens Romanus, from the same manuscript, which will be found 

 in the first volume of the ' Sacrosancta Concilia ' of Labbeus and Cos- 

 sartus. In 1638 he published and dedicated to Bishop Juxon an 

 ' Exposition of Solomon's Song,' written by Gilbert Foliot, bishop of 

 London, in the time of Henry II. It is said that he was in the course 

 of applying the treasures of the royal library to several other literary 

 undertakings, when the supremacy of the parliamentary party de- 

 prived him of his appointment in that institution. In 1649 he retired 

 to Bromfield in Essex, where he lived with his son-in-law Mr. At^ood. 

 He died on the 7th of September 1652, according to a monumental 

 inscription preserved in Bromfield church. (Smithius, Vitce quorun- 

 dam eruditissimorum et illustrium Virorum : Biographia Britannica.) 



YOUNG, SIR PETER, Latinised Petrus Junius, is said to have 

 been born in Forfarshire in Scotland, on the 15th of August 1544. He 

 studied at Geneva and Lausanne, and became intimate with Beza, to 

 whom his uncle Henry Scrimgeur made him known. Returning home 

 in 1569, he was appointed co-tutor, along with Buchanan, of the young 

 prince of Scotland, afterwai-ds James I. of England. When the prince 

 took the administration of the government, Young became a mem- 

 ber of the privy council. In 1586 he was sent as ambassador to 

 Frederic II. of Denmark, to conduct the negociations as to the pos- 

 session of the Orkney Isles. He afterwards attended James on his 

 romantic journey to Denmark to bring home his queen, and was 

 employed on- various missions to that and the neighbouring states. 

 He ranks among the vindicators of Queen Mary. He prepared a short 

 narrative of that queen's life and death, with the view of meeting 

 some opinions expressed against her by David Chytrams. This little 

 work is incorporated with his Life by Smith. He settled in England, 

 where he was knighted in 1614, and received a pension of 300?. In 

 1620 he retired to an estate which he possessed in Scotland, where he 

 died on the 7th of January 1628. (Smithius, Vitce quorundam Erudi- 

 tissimorum et Illustrium Virorum.) 



YOUNG, THOMAS, M.D., was born June 13, 1773, at Milverton, in 

 Somersetstm-e. He was the eldest of ten children of Thomas and 

 Sarah Young, who were both Quakers. In 1780 he was placed at a 

 boarding-school at Stapleton, near Bristol, and in 1782 was sent to the 

 school of Mr. Thompson, at Compton in Dorsetshire, where he re- 

 mained nearly four years. During this period he studied, besides 

 Latin and Greek, the French, Italian, and Hebrew languages. After 

 his return home he devoted himself almost entirely to the study of 

 Hebrew, and to the practice of turning and telescope-making, which 

 he had been taught by an usher of Compton school. In 1787 he 

 accepted, in conjunction with Mr. Hodgkin, an engagement as private 

 tutor to Hudson Gurney, grandson of Mr. David Barclay, of Youngs- 

 bury, near Ware, in Hertfordshire. There he remained till 1792, 

 devoting his leisure hours to the prosecution of his studies in Greek, 

 Latin, and modern languages, Oriental as well as European, and also 

 to mathematics, algebra, fluxions, natural philosophy, and the ' Prin- 

 cipia' and 'Optics' of Newton. Mr. Hodgkiu in 1793 published 

 ' Calligrapbia Gra3ca,' which he dedicated to Young, who had suggested 

 the work, and furnished the writing. 



In the autumn of 1792 Thomas Young removed to London, in 

 order to study medicine by the advice and on the invitation of Dr. 

 Brocklesby, an eminent physician, who was his maternal uncle. Young 

 was by him introduced to Mr. Burke, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and other 

 distinguished men; and he attended the lectures of Drs. Baillie, 

 Cruikshank, and John Hunter. In the autumn of 1793 he entered 

 himself a pupil at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in October 1794 

 proceeded to Edinburgh, still further to prosecute his medical studies. 

 Before quitting London for Edinburgh, he had resolved to give up some 

 of the external characteristics of the Quakers ; but the change of habits 

 and associations in a short time led to a total and permanent separa- 

 tion from them. He mixed largely in society, began the study of 

 music and took lessons on the flute, and also private lessons in dancing, 

 and frequently attended performances at the theatre. In the summer 

 of 1795 he made a tour in the Highlands of Scotland. 



In October 1795 he left London, in order to make a tour on the 

 continent. He took a doctor's degree at the university of Gb'ttingen, 

 and prosecuted his studies there during nine months. In May 1796 

 he made a tour to the Harz Mountains, ascended the Brocken, and 

 descended some of the deepest mines. After leaving Gottingen, he 

 visited Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin, 

 and returned to England in February 1797. 



Almost immediately after his return Thomas Young was admitted a 

 Fellow Commoner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Dr. Brocklesby 

 died December 13, 1797. He had fostered the promising talents of 

 his nephew, had provided for the completion of his general and pro- 

 fessional education, and now left him by will about 10,000i, and his 

 house in London, with furniture, library, and a choice collection of 

 pictures, mostly selected by Sir Joshua Reynolds. After this, Young 

 resided sometimes at Cambridge, aud sometimes at Bath, Worthing, 

 and elsewhere. 



