001 



ZACHARIAH. 



ZAGOSKIN, MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH. 



902 



Sulla than they deserve. He also contributed many valuable papers 

 to the periodical which he edited conjointly with Mittermaier, entitled 

 ' Kritische .Zeitschrift fur Rcchtswissenschaft und Gesetzgebung des 

 Auslaudes," and to the ' Heidelberger Jahrbiicher.' 



ZACHARIAH, son of Jeroboam II., was king of Israel : in 2 Kings 

 xiv., he is said to have succeeded his father, in the 16th year of the 

 reign of Uzziah, king of Judah, B.C. 793. Historians have generally 

 interposed an interregnum, Hales nnd his followers of twenty-two 

 years (B.C. 793 to 771), Blair and Jahn for eleven and twelve years. 

 This is not recorded in the Holy Scriptures ; but in 2 Kings xv. it is 

 said that in the 38th year of Uzziah (B.C. 771), Zachariah reigned 

 " over Israel in Samaria for six months," But Jeroboam began to 

 reign in the 15th of Amaziah, who reigned twenty-nine years, that is, 

 till the 14th of Jeroboam ; if there was an interregnum on account of 

 Uriah's youth till the 27th of Jeroboam II., when according to 

 2 Kings xv. 1, Uzziah began to reign, it must have been of thirteen 

 years, and not of eleven as stated by Blair. Uzziah is recorded 

 to have reigned fifty-two years, and in his 38th year Zachariah 

 " reigned six months," which would leave an interregnum of twenty- 

 four years. Uzziah however, like Zachariah, is stated to have suc- 

 ceeded his father, and no mention is made of any interregnum beyond 

 what is derived from the statement as to the reign of the contem- 

 porary king. There is little doubt however that the land was in a 

 revolutionary state. Hosea, who flourished during the whole of this 

 period eays, " for the children of Israel shall abide many days without 

 a king, and without a prince." Zachariah may have been young at 

 his father's death, or his authority may have been contested ; but all 

 that is positively stated in 2 Kings xv., is that, like his fathers, he also 

 did that which " was evil in the sight of the Lord ;" consequently, his 

 government had no effect in restraining the corruption of the kingdom. 

 In B.C. 771 Shalluni conspired against him, and slew him. Neither 

 tradition nor history has handed anything down to us concerning his 

 acts. He was the fourth and last of the race of Jehu, and thus was 

 fulfilled the prophecy of Elijah. 



ZACHARIAS. [ZECHARIAH.] 



ZACHARl'AS, a native of Greece, succeeded Gregory III. in the 

 see of Rome, A.D. 741. Liutprand, king of the Longobards, was then 

 at open hostility with the duchy of Rome, in consequence of the 

 support which the Romans and Pope Gregory had given to Trasmund, 

 duke of Spoletum, and Gotteschalk, duke of Beneventum, who had 

 revolted against Liutprand. Zacharias took a different course of 

 policy : he used his influence with the patrician Stephen, who was 

 duke of Rome, and with the leading men of that city, to induce them 

 to give up the alliance of the rebellious dukes, and he sent messengers 

 to Liutprand to sue for peace, which Liutprand willingly granted. 

 The Romans then joined their militia with the troops of Liutprand, 

 who invaded the duchy of Spoletum, and obliged Trasmund to sur- 

 render to the king, who ordered him to take clerical orders, and 

 appointed Ansprand in his place. Zacharias, in his letters to King 

 Liutprand, urged him to restore several towns or villages belonging to 

 the duchy of Rome, which the king had seized during the former hostili- 

 ties, and as Liutprand delayed the restitution, Zacharias went to meet 

 him at Terni, when the king received him with great honours, and not 

 only restored the towns in question to the duchy of Rome, but gave to 

 the Roman see a patrimonium or estate in the Sabinum, and other 

 estates in the districts of Ancona, Osimo, Nurnana, and other parts. 

 The peace between the Longobards and Rome was confirmed for 

 twenty years, and Liutprand restored all the Roman prisoners without 

 ransom. 



In the following year, 742, Liutprand attacked the exarch of 

 Ravenna with a powerful force. The exarch, unable to make head 

 against him, applied to the pope for his mediation. Zacharias pro- 

 ceeded to Ravenna, from whence he wrote to Liutprand, announcing 

 to him his intention to visit him in his own capital, Pavia. This was 

 a novelty in the relations between the popes and the kings of the 

 Longobards, and the ministers of Liutprand endeavoured to prevent 

 its being carried into effect. Zacharias however proceeded to Pavia, 

 where he was received by Liutprand with great respect, and, after 

 some debate, the king yielded to the request of the pontiff, and re- 

 stored to the Greek empire certain territories which he had seized 

 from the exarch. The pope then returned to Rome, being honourably 

 escorted, by order of Liutprand, as far as the Po. In the following 

 year Liutprand died, and was succeeded by his nephew Hildebrand, 

 who, being deposed after a few months for his ill conduct, Ratchis, 

 duke of Friuli, was proclaimed king in 744. Ratchis confirmed the 

 treaty of peace with the duchy of Rome and with the exarch, but in 

 749, for some cause which is not stated, he laid siege to the city of 

 Perugia, and threatened the other possessions of the Eastern emperor 

 in the Pentapolis. Zacharias, who was anxious for the peace of Italy, 

 hastened to the king's camp, and succeeded not only in making him 

 desist from his attack, but, by his exhortations and remonstrances 

 about the vanity of earthly greatness, he made such an impression on 

 the mind of Ratchis, that the king soon after abdicated the crown, 

 and repaired to Rome with his wife and daughter, where, at their own 

 request, they received the monastic habit from the hands of the pope. 

 Ratchis retired to Monte Casino, and his wife and daughter founded a 

 nunnery in the neighbourhood of that convent. About the same time 

 Carloman, duke of Austrasia, and second son of Charles Martel, 



renounced his ofllco in favour of his brother Pepin, proceeded to Rome, 

 where he became a monk, and founded a convent on Mount Soracte. 



Pope Zacharias, being informed that the Venetian traders used to 

 purchase Christian slaves in Italy, and even at Rome, whom they sold 

 to the Saracens in the Levant, forbade that traffic under heavy eccle- 

 siastical censures, and ransomed many of those who had been sold, 

 and restored them to liberty. 



About 750, Pepin, who governed France, with the title of Maire of 

 the Palace, in the name of King Childeric III., sent ambassadors to 

 Rome to represent to the pope that Childeric was unfit to reign, and 

 had never been king except in name ; that it was desirable for the 

 Frankish nation to have a king capable of managing the affairs of the 

 state; and that the leading men of France wished to proclaim him, 

 Pepin, as their king, if the pope would release them from their oath of 

 allegiance to Childeric. Zacharias is said to have answered that it 

 was meet that he who had already the real power and the government 

 of the state should be king, upon which the Frankish leaders and 

 prelates in a general assembly deposed Childeric, had his head shaved, 

 and obliged him to become a monk in the monastery of Sithieu, 

 known afterwards as the abbey of St. Bertin, in the diocese of St. 

 Omer. Childeric's son Thierry was likewise shut up in the monastery 

 of Fontenelle in Normandy. Pepin was consecrated king of the 

 Franks by Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, in 751. The assent of 

 Zacharias (for the assent is certain, though the particulars of it are 

 obscure) to this violent change of dynasty is the only questionable act 

 that we know of this pope, who in other respects appears to have 

 been a lover of peace and justice. Pepin himself felt uneasy in his 

 conscience till he received absolution from Stephen II., the successor 

 of Zacharias, and was crowned again by him at Paris. Pope Zacharias 

 died in 752. He is said to have been very generous towards the clergy 

 and the people of Rome ; he repaired the Basilica of the Lateran, and 

 built several churches. He translated into Greek the dialogues of 

 Pope Gregory I., or the Great, for the benefit of his countrymen. 

 His epistolary correspondence with Boniface, archbishop of Mainz, is 

 found in Harduin's ' Collection of Councils.' 



(Platina e Panvinio, Vite deiPontefici ; Muratori, Annali d' Italia,) 



ZACHTLEVEN, CORNELIUS and HERMAN, brothers. Their 

 name is sometimes written Saftleven. Cornelius was born at Rotter- 

 dam in 1600: be excelled in pictures of boors and soldiers, in the 

 style of Teniers and Brouwer. His scenes, which were always sketched 

 from nature, are full of truth and character, but as paintings they want 

 that brilliancy and transparency of colouring which distinguish the 

 works of many of his countrymen. He painted also landscapes, and 

 made many spirited etchings after his own designs. Some of Corne- 

 lius's foregrounds are particularly clever, being groups of various 

 utensils or implements, characteristic of the occupations of the charac- 

 ters of the picture. The year of his death is not known, according to 

 the Dutch writers, but in Pilkington's Dictionary 1673 is given. 



Herman Zachtleveu was an excellent landscape-painter. He was 

 born at Rotterdam in 1609, and was the pupil of J. Van Goyen ; but 

 he lived the greater part of his life at Utrecht, where he died in 1685. 

 Herman's landscapes, which consist generally of views in the vicinity 

 of Utrecht and of the Rhine, are distinguished by great transparency, 

 and in the distances are coloured like those of Wouvertnau. His 

 earliest pictures are such simple views of nature as the various sites 

 afforded, but in his later works he generally selected various pictu- 

 resque points, which he composed into one picture; he sometimes 

 introduced many small figures into his works. Herman made many 

 studies from nature in black chalk, which are much valued by 

 collectors : he executed also a few spirited etchings. D'Argenville 

 says that Herman Zachtleven visited Italy, and spent some years 

 there, but Houbraken makes no mention of any such visit, and a still 

 greater reason for supposing the statement to be incorrect is that 

 there are no traces of Italy in any of his studies or pictures. 



ZAGOSKIN, MIKHAIL NIKOLAEVICH, a Russian dramatist 

 and novelist, was descended from a Tartar family, and was born on. 

 the 14th of July (o.s.) 1789, at the village of Ramzay, in the government 

 of Penza. He remained in his native village till the age of fourteen, 

 receiving but a slender education, and learning no language but 

 Russian, but was early remarkable for his literary tastes, reading all 

 he could obtain, and composing a tale at the age of eleven. At 

 fourteen he was sent to St. Petersburg as a clerk in a government 

 office, and continued in that kind of employment till the outbreak of 

 the war of 1812, when he became an officer in the St. Petersburg 

 Opolchenie or Militia, took part in the campaign against the French, 

 was wounded at the battle of Polotzk, and before the close of the war 

 rose to be adjutant to General Lewis at the siege of Danzig. By this 

 time he had acquired some knowledge of French and German, his 

 long dormant literary tastes revived, and not long after he had taken 

 leave of a military life he sent anonymously a comedy, called ' Pro- 

 kaznik ' or, ' The Wag,' to Prince Shakhovsky [SHAKHOVSKY], direc- 

 tor of the St. Petersburg theatre, who had himself just returned 

 to the duties of management, from the command of a regiment of 

 Cossaks. The reply was so unexpectedly favourable, that Zagoskin 

 at once made himself known, and Shakhovsky even procured for him 

 a post connected with the theatre, and another as an honorary librarian 

 at the Imperial library, where we are told that for his services in 

 assisting to arrange the books and to catalogue the Russian ones, he 



