90!) 



ZAMOYSKI. 



ZANOTTI, GIAMPIETRO CAVAZZONI. 



910 



dwelling consists of the occasional retirements from publio business 

 during which he devoted himself to colonising his estates and pro- 

 moting literary institutions. About 1585 he laid the foundations of 

 Nowy Zamosc, distant about two miles from Stary Zamosc (old 

 Zamosc). He encouraged manufactures there, and fortified it so 

 strongly that it came to be regarded as one of the chief defences 

 against the Tartars. He established a printing-press, which became 

 celebrated for the beauty of its impressions. On the 15th of May he 

 opened the University of Zamosc, to which he attracted the most emi- 

 nent scholars of the nation, with a solemn and inaugural oration. He 

 granted lands in perpetuity to some of his vassals, and encouraged the 

 adoption of improved methods of agriculture. 



Interesting particulars respecting these labours of Zamoyski are 

 contained in the narrative of two journeys made by Father Vanozzi to 

 Poland to visit Zamoyski, published by J. W. Nierncewicz at Warsaw 

 in 1822, from a manuscript in the Albaui Library at Rome. 



JOHN ZAMOYSKI II., born in 1626, was the grandson of the pre- 

 ceding. He was created, soon after he obtained his majority, castellan 

 of Kalisch, and was present in that capacity, in 1649, at the coronation 

 of John Casimir. He accompanied that king in his campaign against 

 the Cossaks in 1651, and earned by his bravery the appointment of 

 palatine of Sandomir. He distinguished himself equally in the disas- 

 trous War of Succession, when Poland was devastated by Swedish 

 armies : he stood a long siege in his hereditary fortress, Zamosc ; and 

 it was to his vigilant keeping, as commandant of Warsaw, that Marshal 

 Wittemberg, President von Ersk, and other important prisoners were 

 intrusted. In 1659 he commanded the army raised to oppose the 

 encroachments of the czar in the Ukraine. In 1663 ho was one of the 

 nobles who remained faithful to John Casimir, and was mainly instru- 

 mental in allaying the discontent of the insurgents" under Chwiederski. 

 John Zamoyski died suddenly at Warsaw, on the 2nd of April 1665, 

 while attending the Diet at Warsaw. He left no family by his wife, 

 daughter of the Marquis de la Grange d'Arquin, and called in Poland 

 ' La belle Frangaise,' who afterwards married the great Sobieski. 

 Zamoyski dying without heirs of his body, his estates passed to his 

 two sisters. 



ANDREW ZAMOYSKI, a younger son of a descendant of these two 

 sisters, who had inherited the fief of Zamosc, was born at Biezun in 

 1716. He received his education in the college of the Jesuits at 

 Thorn, where he remained till 1732. In 1735 his father died, and 

 Andrew left Poland to visit foreign universities. He passed two years 

 in the University of Liegnitz in Silc sia ; in 1739 he visited Paris, 

 where his favourite studies were mathematics and jurisprudence ; and 

 he returned home in 1740. Finding his brothers engaged in litigation 

 about the division of their inheritance, he reconciled them by giving 

 up his share, and entered the service of Saxony. In 1745 he obtained 

 the command of Prince Albert's regiment. In 1754 ho quitted the 

 army and returned to Poland with the rank of major-general. He was 

 appointed marshal of the palatinate of Smolensko, an office which put 

 it in his power to reform many abuses which had crept into the judicial 

 administration of the province. In 1760 he emancipated all his serfs : 

 a few noblemen imitated his example, but the greater number declaimed 

 fiercely against the innovation. 



At the first Diet held after the death of Augustus III. (1763) 

 Zamoyski contributed much to the passing of a law for the reform of 

 administrative abuses. In 1764 the new king, Stanislaus Augustus, 

 made him keeper of the great seal. The influence which this appoint- 

 ment enabled him to exercise over every branch of administration, he 

 employed in giving a better organisation to the army and the educa- 

 tional institutions of the kingdom. When the partisans of Russia, in 

 the Diet of 1767, procured the banishment of Gaetan Soltyk and 

 Zaluski, bishops of Krakau and Kiew, along with some other nobles, to 

 Siberia, Zamoyski resigned the seals in disgust, declaring ho would 

 never receive them back till those illustrious victims were restored to 

 their native country. 



In his retirement he employed himself in promoting education, and 

 completing the code he had undertaken to digest at the request of the 

 Diet of 1776. He completed the work in less than two years. The 

 matter is arranged under three heads : the first treats of persons ; the 

 second, of things ; and the third, of courts of law and actions. It was 

 printed at Warsaw, in Polish, in 1778 : a German translation by 

 Godfrey Nikisz appeared at Dresden in 1780. The code, when printed, 

 was sent to all the palatinates, in order that it might be discussed in 

 their provincial assemblies before it was submitted to the Diet. The 

 provision for a general measure of emancipation excited an almost 

 universal hostility against it. The deputies were without exception 

 instructed to oppose it in the Diet of 1780. When the marshal, as 

 president of that assembly, named the reading of the new laws, ho 

 was met by a burst of opposition from all parts of the hall. It was 

 decided that they should not even be read; some went so far as to 

 propose a resolution that they should not be presented to any future 

 Diet. Casimir Poniatowski, the king's brother, was the only member 

 of the Diet who ventured to say a word in vindication of them. 



Zamoyski, who had attained his seventieth year when his code met 

 with this rude reception, withdrew himself in consequence of it still 

 more from public affairs. In 1790 he undertook a journey to Italy. 

 At Bologna he received the intelligence that the Poles had proclaimed 

 the constitution of the 3rd May, 1791, and adopted his code. He made 



haste to return to Poland, but did not survive long to enjoy his 

 triumph, dying at Zamoso on the 10th of February 1792, in the 

 seventy-sixth year of his age. His widow, a princess Czartoryska, 

 deservedly celebrated for her active benevolence, died at Vienna on 

 the 19th of February 1796. 



(Bursius, Vita et Dicta magni Joannis Zamoscii ; Moslowski, Vie de 

 Jean Zamoyski, Cliancdier et Qrand-Hetman de la Cowonne de Po- 

 loyne ; Thuanus, Hitstoria sui Temporis; Moreri, Dicti&nnaire Hitto* 

 rique ; Jo'cher, AUyem. Qelehrten Lexicon ; Biographic Univertelle.) 



ZAMPIE'RI DOMENICO. [DOMKNICHIKO.] 



ZANCHI, a family of Bergamo, in Lombardy, which produced 

 several men of learning in the 16th century. Paolo Zanchi was a 

 distinguished jurist, anc(.. also an antiquary, and a collector of ancient 

 inscriptions. Three of his sons, Basilio, Gian Grisostomo, and Diouigi 

 entered the order of the Regular Canons of the Laterau. 



BASILIO ZANCIII, born in 1501, went to Rome under Leo X., and 

 was noticed at that court as an elegant Latin poet. After Leo's death 

 he returned to Bergamo, and applied himself to theological studies, 

 and entered the order of the Regular Canons in 1524. He wrote 

 comments on the Bible, which are published. He was also well 

 versed in Greek. His end was unfortunate. It appears that he had 

 made free use of the liberty, then frequent among members of the 

 monastic orders, of living out of his convent, and travelling about 

 Italy. Pope Paul IV., in 1558, issued an order commanding all such 

 persons to return to their respective convents under severe penalties. 

 Zanchi having endeavoured to elude the order, was put in prison at 

 Rome, in which city he then was, and he died in prison at the end of 

 that year. Serassi has written a good biography of Basilio Zauchi, 

 which he has prefixed to the edition of his Latin poems in eight books, 

 'Zanchii Poemata,' Bergamo, 1747. Among other poems there is one 

 entitled ' De Horto Sophiae,' in which the author explains the principal 

 dogmas of the Christian religion. Zanchi wrote also ' Latinorum Ver- 

 borum ex variis auctoribua Epitome.' 



GIAN GEISOSTOMO ZANCHI, his brother, published a work on the 

 ancient history of his country : ' De Orobiorum sive Cenomanorum 

 Origine,' in three books, Venice, 1531, which he dedicated to Pietro 

 Beinbo. The work is deficient in historical criticism, but it may be 

 useful on account of the numerous inscriptions of the town and terri- 

 tory of Bergamo which it contains. Gian Grisostomo, after filling the 

 first dignities of his order, died in Bergamo, in 1566. 



GIROLAMO ZANCHI, a cousin of the preceding, was born in 1516, 

 at Alzano in the province of Bergamo ; he likewise entered the order 

 of the Regular Canons of the Lateran, in which he lived for many 

 3 ears, and was a fellow-student of Cclso Martinenghi of Brescia, a 

 brother of his order. When the learned Pietro Martire Vermigli, 

 who was a dignitary of the same order, embraced the doctrines of the 

 Reformation, and was in consequence obliged to fly from Italy to 

 Switzerland, in 1542, Zauchi and Martinenghi, who had become secretly 

 imbued with the same doctrines, thought it prudent to emigrate also. 

 Martinenghi was the first to leave Italy, and he went to Geneva, where 

 he was put at the head of the Italian Reformed congregation. Zanchi 

 followed his friend's example, and after several vicissitudes he went to 

 Heidelberg, where he taught divinity. He acquired so much reputa- 

 tion for theological science, that it was said by the learned John 

 Sturm, that if Zanchi alone could be sent to dispute with the Roman 

 Catholic divines assembled at Trent, he should not be afraid of the 

 result. The papal nuncio Zaccaria Delfino had private conferences 

 with Zanchi in 1561, for the purpose of reclaiming him to Catholicism, 

 in which however he failed. Zanchi's theological and controversial 

 works were published in eight volumes after his death : ' Zanchii Opera,' 

 Geneva, 1619, and they contain two books of letters, in which are 

 particulars of his life. He died at Heidelberg in 1590. G. Gallizoli of 

 Bergamo has written a biography of Girolamo Zanchi, published at 

 Bergarmo in 1785. 



Francesco Zanchi, father of Girolamo and first cousin of Paolo 

 Zanchi above mentioned, wrote a small historical work, ' Commenta- 

 rius de Rebus a Georgio Hemo prscclare gestis in primo adversjjs Maxi- 

 milianum Romanorum Regem Bello a Venetis suscepto.' 



ZANOTTI, GIAMPIE'TRO CAVAZZO'NI, distinguished alike for 

 his paintings and his writings, was born of Italian parents at Paris, in 

 1674. He was however removed in his tenth year to Bologna, where 

 he s was placed in the school of Lorenzo Pasinelli, then one of the 

 first painters of that city. Zanotti soon displayed great talent, and 

 there are still several fine works by him at Bologna, in public and 

 private buildings ; he is however better known for his writings upon 

 art, and few, says Lanzi, have ever handled pen and pencil so well as 

 Zanotti. He published several poems, but the following are his prin- 

 cipal works * 1, Letters in Defence of Malvasia ' Lettere Familiari 

 scritte ad un Arnico in Difesa del Conto Carlo Cesarc Malvasia, Autora 

 della Felsina Pittrice,' Svo, Bologna, 1705. 2, Life of L. Pasinelli 

 ' Nuovo Fregio di Gloria a Felsina sempre pittrice nella Vita di 

 Lorenzo Pasinelli, Pittore Bolognese,' 4to, Bologna, 1708. 3, History 

 of the Clementine Academy of Bologna 'Storia dell' Academia 

 Clementina di Bologna aggregata all' Institute delle Scienze e dell' 

 Arti,' vol. 2, fol, Bol. 1731). 4, Hints to a young Painter ' Avverti- 

 meuto per lo Incamniiuamento di un Gioviue alia Pittura,' Svo, Bol., 

 1756. 5. Works of P. Tibaldi and N. Abbati in the Institute of 

 Bologna, &c. 'Descrizioneed Illustrazione delle Pitture di Pellegrino 



