013 



ZEEMAN, REMIGIUS. 



ZENI. 



OU 



to mouth, and his eyes shall behold his eyes." This was fulfilled, for 

 Zedekiah was carried to Riblah, and there he saw and spoko to 

 Nebuchadnezzar, but he was also blinded at lliblah ; and although he 

 lived at Babylon, and died there, yet he never saw it : thus was fulfilled 

 tho prophecy of Ezekiel when he said (xii. 13), "My net also will I 

 spread upon him, and he shall be taken in my snare ; and I will 

 bring him to Babylon to the land of the Chaldscans, yet shall he not 

 see it, though he die there." The Temple and the wall of the city 

 were destroyed, a great part of the inhabitants were removed, none 

 but tho poorest being left. Thus ended the kingdom of Judah, and 

 from this time begins the long Qaptivity. 



ZEEMAN, REMI'GIUS, a clever Dutch marine painter, born, 

 according to Pilkington (ed. 1829), at Amsterdam in 1612. His real 

 name was Remigius Nooms, but he received the name of Zeeman, 

 says Heineken, from his painting pictures of marine subjects ; he was 

 however originally a common sailor by profession, and he acquired 

 this name probably as much from that circumstance, as his style of 

 painting. He lived some years in Berlin, where, in the royal palaces, 

 there are many of his works ; there are some in this country, but they 

 are not common. There are likewise several etchings by him of 

 marine subjects and shipping. He died iu the latter part of the 

 17th century. (Heineken, Nachrichten von Kilnstlern und Kunst- 

 sachen.) 



ZEGERS, or SEGERS, HERCULES, a clever Dutch landscape- 

 painter and etcher, of Amsterdam, of the 17th century, remarkable 

 for his want of success. He was a painter of great ability and great 

 imagination ; some of his landscapes exhibit a surprising extent of 

 country, and are set off by judiciously chosen groups of trees and 

 well-diversified foregrounds. He was however very unsuccessful in 

 disposing of his pictures, and he tried his fortune in etching, but in 

 this branch, though equally clever, he was equally unfortunate. He at 

 last tried his utmost upon a large plate, but when he took it to a pub- 

 lisher for sale, the man offered him merely the value of the copper for 

 it. This so incensed Zegers, that, having told the printseller that the 

 day would come when each print from it would be worth more than 

 he had offered for the plate, he had a few impressions taken from it, 

 and then destroyed it. His prophecy came true, for even in Hou- 

 bracken's time a print from that plate sold for sixteen ducats. Zegers, 

 broken-hearted at his bad fortune, took to drinking, and, in returning 

 home one night intoxicated, he fell, and died in consequence of the 

 fall. Houbraken, who quotes S. van Hoogstraten in the account of 

 Zegers, states that he cannot give either the year of his birth or death ; 

 iu Pilkington's ' Dictionary ' however (ed. 1829) the dates 1629 and 

 1675 respectively are given. Zegers invented a method of printing 

 landscapes in colours upon calico, but his invention was not taken up 

 by any one. 



ZELOTTI, BATTISTA, a distinguished Italian painter, and one 

 of the best of the native painters of Verona, where he was born in 

 1532. He was the scholar of Antonio Badile, but he is said by Vasari 

 to have studied also some time with Titian. Zelotti was the rival of 

 Paul Veronese, at Verona, and he assisted him in some of his frescoes ; 

 he surpassed him as a practical fresco-painter, and he is considered by 

 some to have been superior to Paul, both in warmth of colouring and in 

 correctness of design, but he was inferior to him in the beauty of his 

 heads, and in the general grace and variety of his compositions. The 

 invention of Zelotti was fertile, and his compositions full of power, but 

 his reputation was always below his merits, from the circumstance of 

 his being chiefly employed in fresco in the smaller towns and villages 

 or at the villas of noblemen, whence his works were less seen and less 

 known than they deserved to be. One of his greatest works is at 

 Cataio, formerly the villa of the Marquis Obizzi, now of the Duke of 

 Modena, where, about 1570, Zelotti painted a series of frescoes illus- 

 trating the services of the Obizzi family. He painted also some excel- 

 lent works in the cathedral of Viceuza, which have been mistaken by 

 many for works of Paul Veronese. Zelotti died about 1592, after a 

 life of much labour for others, but little profit to himself. (Vasari 

 Vite de' Pittori, &c.; Ridolfi, Le Maraviglie dell' Arte, &c. ; Dal Pozzo, 

 Vite de' Pittori, &c. Veronesi ; Zanetti ; Lanzi.) 



ZELTER, CARL-FRIEDRICH, by profession an architect, or, as 

 he modestly designated himself, a master-builder though somewhat 

 late in life he devoted himself entirely to music was born at Berlin, 

 iu 1758. He received a liberal education ; and at the age of seventeen 

 he was articled to his father, a Saxon, and a builder. After a long 

 illness from which he suffered in his eighteenth year, an extraordinary 

 passion for music suddenly sprung up in him ; but as his time was 

 almost wholly occupied in his professional pursuits, he could indulge 

 only in an evening in his favourite study. In 1783, having completed 

 his probationary architectural drawing, he was admitted as a master- 

 builder, by which more is meant in Germany than in England. And 

 now for the first time he received instructions in counterpoint, from 

 Fasch, to whom he acknowledges himself indebted for whatever merit 

 his compositions possess. He also diligently attended his master's 

 singing academy, a government establishment, and became one of its 

 active members, whereof, in 1797, Fasch having become aged and infirm, 

 he took the management. In 1809 Zelter was appointed, by the king, 

 professor of music to the University and the Royal Institute of Berlin. 

 At the commencement of the same year too, a new society was formed 

 at Berlin, under the title of ' Die Liedertafel ' (the Vocal Club), and 



BIOQ. DIV. VOL. VI. 



Zelter was named the president. This wag, in fact, a revival, in a 

 much improved form, of the guild of tho old German Meister-Siinger, 

 and is now an establishment of even national importance. He died 

 in 1832. 



Zelter'a compositions are spoken of in high terms by German 

 writers, but they are little known beyond his own country. But 

 while his musical works seem to have been for the most part con- 

 fined to the place of their birth, his name is become familiar to all 

 who take much interest in German literature. Hia correspondence 

 with GSthe, published a few years ago, exhibits him as a philosophical, 

 acute musical critic ; as a man of general knowledge, of strong mind, 

 and refined taste ; and the friendship of the great poet with whom he 

 was in such constant communication, which is so clearly evinced in 

 Gothe's letters, is in itself a guarantee of the intellectual merits of 

 him who enjoyed the intimacy and confidence of one of the most 

 celebrated persons of the present age. 



ZEMAUN-SHAH. [SHAH-ZEMAUN.] 



ZENI. NICOLO ZENO and ANTONIO ZENO were two brothers, the 

 published accounts of whose voyages have occasioned much contro- 

 versy. They were Venetians. The word employed to designate the 

 family is Zen, or Zena; to designate a single individual of that family, 

 Zeno ; to designate two or more individuals, Zeni. The Zena is one 

 of the oldest of the patrician families of the mainland territories of 

 Venice. Its first distinguished member, Marin Zeno, lived about the 

 year 1200. The posterity of Antonio Zeno survived the republic, and 

 opened, in 1818, the family archives to the researches of Cardinal 

 Zurla. But for the most part, when ' the Zeni ' are spoken of, the 

 brothers Nicol6 and Antonio are meant. Their adventures, and tho 

 controversies to which they have given rise, shall therefore be first 

 disposed of in the present article, although others of the name, having 

 attained to some notoriety, must be noticed in the sequel. 



Nicol5 Zeno and Antonio Zeno were sons of Pietro Zeno, surnamed 

 Dragoue, and brothers of Carlo Zeno, commander of the Venetian fleet 

 against the Genoese in the war of Chioggia. Their mother's name 

 was Agnes Dandolo. The dates of the births of both brothers are 

 known only from conjecture. Their parents married in 1326, and had 

 in all ten children. Carlo was born about 1334, of whom it is known 

 that his mother died when he was so young as scarcely to be able to 

 remember her. This necessarily places the births of Nicol6 and 

 Antonio between the years 1326 and 1340. 



The name of Nicol6 appears frequently in the annals of Venice from 

 1365 to 1338. In 1365 he took a prominent part in the election of the 

 doge Marco Cornaro; in 1367 he was one of the deputies sent to Mar- 

 seille by the senate of Venice to convey the pope to Rome ; he served 

 during the war of Chioggia, in which he commanded a galley, in 

 1379 ; he is mentioned as having been considered one of the richest 

 patricians iu 1381 ; in 1382 he was one of the electors who nominated 

 the doge Michelo Moro^ini, and in the course of the same year he was 

 sent as ambassador to Ferrara; towards the close of 1388 he was sent, 

 along with two other nobles, to receive the cession of Treviso from the 

 lord of Padua. After this his name disappears from public history : 

 his subsequent career is only known through a small work published 

 by one of his descendants in 1558. 



According to this work, Nicolo Zeno, having embarked on board a 

 vessel of his own to visit England and Flanders, was driven out of hia 

 course by a storm, and shipwrecked on the ' island' of Frisland. Here 

 he and his companions were rescued from wreckers by a prince of the 

 name of Zichmni, into whose service Zeno entered in the capacity of 

 pilot, and remained with him one or two years. At the close of that 

 period, having been advanced by Zichmni to wealth and honours for 

 services in war, he invited his brother Antonio to join him, which he 

 did. Nicol5 survived his brother's arrival four years, and died in 

 Frisland. It is impossible to ascertain with certainty either the year 

 in which he quitted Venice, or how many years elapsed from his 

 departure to his being joined by Antonio. The year 1380, the date 

 assigned to his shipwreck by his descendant, is evidently an error, for 

 in November 1388, he was still in Italy. Most probably he sailed in 

 1389 ; two years at the least must have elapsed before his brother 

 joined him; and he survived that event four years. This brings us 

 down to 1395 as the year of his death. It is certain that he was dead 

 in 1398, for the family register, making mention of his son Tomaso 

 in that year, describes him as the son of the " quondam Nicolo." 



Of Antonio Zeno's history previous to his setting out to joiu his 

 brother in Frisland, nothing appears to be known, except that he was 

 married in 1384. According to the conjectures above stated, he must 

 have arrived in Frisland about the year 1391. He remained there four- 

 teen years in the service of Zichmni, haviug succeeded at his brother's 

 death to his property and employments. At the end of that time 

 (say 1405) he returned to Venice, where it is probable that he died in 

 the same year ; for the passage in the family annals which notices the 

 marriage of his son Dracone in 1406, speaks of him as "quondam Ser 

 Antonio." 



The controversy alluded to in the outset of this article relates to the 

 countries visited by the Zeni, and whether their voyages extended to 

 America. In attempting to form an opinion on these questions, it ia 

 necessary to keep in view the nature and amount of the information 

 we have respecting those voyages ; and with this view we shall set aside 

 all that has been said by commentators, until we have ascertained 



