P27 



ZENOnORUS. 



ZF.17XIS. 



the Egyptian language to perfection. Her Greek secretary was Longi- 

 nus. [LoNOiNUS.] Such was the woman whose ambition, it is said, 

 led her to aspire to overthrow the Roman empire in the West. Her 

 history is imperfectly known, but the main facts appear to be as well 

 ascertained as other contemporary events. 



There arc coins of Zenobia with the Greek inscription Sen-r. Ziivo&ia. 

 2e/3. (Septimia Zenobia Augusta); and one coin has Zenob. Aug. 

 (Zenobia Augusta) in Roman characters. On the reverse o'f one of 

 her coins is the inscription AI/T. K. Av^tavos (Autocrator Cseaar 

 Aurelianus). 



(Zosimus, L 39-59; Zonaras, xii. 27; Ilistonce Augustce Scnptores ; 

 Biog. Univ., art. 'Odenath,' by St -Martin, and 'Ze"nobie;' Rasche, 

 Lexic. Kei Numarice ; Eckhel, Doctmna Num. Vet., vii. 490, &c.) 



ZENODO'RUS, a Greek sculptor, supposed by Thiersch to be a 

 native of Massilia, from having first practised his art in Gaul, where 

 he made an euormous colossal statue of Mercury, which occupied him 

 ten years. He was called to Rome by Nero, in order to make a 

 bronze statue of that emperor of far greater dimensions than any pre- 

 vious work. One account says it was 110 feet high, another 120. 

 (Pliny, ' Hist. Nat.,' xxxiv. 18; Suefc. ' Ner.,' 31.) This statue, which 

 was set up in front of the Golden House, was afterwards re-dedicated 

 as a statue of the Sun by Vespasian : its subsequent history ia related 

 by Thiersch (' Epochen,' 307, &c.). Zenodorus, though successful in 

 casting his great bronze works, appears from the statement of Pliny to 

 have been deficient in the higher and more refined technicalities of the 

 sculptor's art. Zenodorus seems to have been equally famed for his 

 skill in silver chasing, and the sculpture of small works in metal, as for 

 his colossal statues. The date of his death is not recorded. 



ZENO'DOTUS (ZrjvoSoros) cf Ephesus, a celebrated Greek gramma- 

 rian. According to Suidas and Eudocia, he was a pupil of the 

 grammarian Philetas, and lived at Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy, 

 the son of Lagus, whom however he must have survived, as his most 

 active period belongs to the reign of his successor Ptolemy Philadel- 

 phus, about B.C. 280. Zenodotus was the first chief librarian at 

 Alexandria, and was succeeded in this office by Callimachus. He is 

 also said to have instructed the sons of the first Ptolemy. With 

 Zenodotus there begins a new era in the history of grammatical and 

 critical studies, both of which he treated according to the principle 

 of analogy. He was the first Alexandrine critic who made a new 

 edition (Aiopduffis) of the Homeric poems, which is frequently referred 

 to by Eustathius, the Venetian Scholia, and other grammarians. His 

 edition of Homer and the later one of Aristarchus were held in the 

 highest esteem by the ancients. This undertaking led him to a careful 

 study of the Homeric language, and its comparison with that of later 

 times. The signification of words and phrases appears to have much 

 engaged his attention, and the fruits of his studies in this respect 

 were deposited in his Glossary (r\u>crcrai) and his dictionary of foreign 

 or barbarous phrases (Aeeiy eBvixai; Scholiast ad 'Apollon. Rhod.,' ii. 

 1005 ; ad ' Theocrit. Idyll.,' v. 2 ; Athenseus, i., p. 12 ; vii., p. 327 ; xi., 

 p. 478 ; Galen, ' Glossar. Hippocrat.,' s. v. irtfai and iri\ra). Athenseus 

 (x. p. 412, and iii., p. 96) mentions two other works of Zenodotus, one 

 called 'Evirofialf and the other 'IffropiKu, aTro/j.vrj^oi'ev/j.aTa, although 

 these works may possibly belong to a later grammarian, Zenodotus, 

 who lived after the time of Aristarchus, and censured this critic for 

 his bold dealings with the Homeric poems. Suidas attributes to this 

 latter Zenodotus several works, of which however nothing except the 

 titles is known. (Fabricius, Biblioth. Graze., i., p. 362, &c. ; Wolf, 

 Prolegomena ad Horn., p. 199, &c. ; Heffter, De Zenodoto ejusque 

 Studiis Homericis, 4to, Brandenburg, 1839 ; Grafenhan, Geschichte der 

 Philologie, i., p. 388, &c., 330.) 



ZEPHANI'AH, or SOPHONI'AS, one of the twelve minor Hebrew 

 prophets, was the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Ama- 

 riah, the son of Hizkiah, and prophesied in the reign of Josiah, king 

 of Judah (chap. i. 1). The period of that king's reign to which 

 Zephaniah must be referred seems to be determined with tolerable 

 exactness by the book itself, which describes the Jewish state as par- 

 tially but not entirely reformed from the worship of Baal, and from 

 other corruptions of religion (i. 3-5). Now, in the Second Book of 

 Chronicles (xxxiii. 4-7) the reign of Josiah is divided into three 

 periods : during the first, which extended to the twelfth year of his 

 reign, he tolerated idolatry ; during the second, from the twelfth to 

 the eighteenth year, he instituted a partial reformation ; but in the 

 eighteenth year he commenced a thorough restoration of the Mosaic 

 institutions, in which he persevered till the end of his reign. It is 

 evidently to the second of these periods, which extended from the year 

 B.C. 630 to 624, that the prophecies of Zephaniah must be referred. 

 This date is confirmed by the prophecy (ii. 13-15) of the destruction of 

 Nineveh, fulfilled in the year B.C. 625. Zephaniah was contemporary 

 with Jeremiah during the first part of Jeremiah's ministry. 



The prophecy of Zephuuiah is a prediction of the judgments about 

 to fall on the Jews and other nations. Tho first chapter contains a 

 prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem, the desolation of the land 

 of Judah, and the captivity of the people. The second chapter opens 

 with an exhortation to repentance, and then denounces the destruction 

 of the Philistines, of Moab and Ammon, of Gush and Assyria, as the 

 enemies of the people of God, with hints of the restoration of the 

 Jews. The third chapter recounts the sins of Judah, and promises the 

 restoration and prosperity of Israel and Judah. 



The style of Zephaniah is poetical, "but there is nothing," says 

 Bishop Lowth, " very striking or uncommon either in the arrangement 

 of his matter or the complexion of his style." 



(E. F. C. Rosenmuller, Scholia in Vet. Test., Procem in Zeph.; the 

 'Introductions' of Eichhorn, Jahn, De Wette, and Home.) 



ZEPHYRI'NUS, a native of Rome, succeeded Victor I. as bishop of 

 the Christian Congregation of that city, during the reign of the Empe- 

 ror Septimius Severus. We have no authentic records of his life, nor 

 of his alleged martyrdom. He died about A.D. 202, and was succeeded 

 by Calixtus I. 



ZEUXIS, one of the most celebrated painters of antiquity and the 

 greatest of his time, was born at one of the ancient cities named 

 Heraclea, between B.C. 460 and B.C. 450. He was instructed by Demo- 

 philus of Himera or Neseas of Thasos. Little or nothing is known 

 about them. Pliny fixes the time of Zeuxis at B.C. 400; but he can 

 scarcely have been born later than B.C. 450, as ho was at the height of 

 his reputation during the reign of Archelaus, king of Macedon, which 

 was from B.C. 413 until B.C. 399 ; and Harduin and others are therefore 

 probably incorrect in fixing upon Heraclea in Lucania, in Italy, as the 

 birth-place of Zeuxis; for that city was not founded until after the 

 destruction of Siris, B.C. 433. (Diodorus Siculus, xii., c. 6 ; Strabo, 

 p*. 264.) From the complaint of Apollodorus, who lived at Athens, 

 Zeuxis must also have been early in that city ; and he was most likely 

 a native of one of the Heracleas in Greece, and, from his connection 

 with Archelaus, probably Heraclea Lyncestis in Macedonia. Harduin 

 supposed Heraclea in Lucania to be the birth-place of Zeuxis, from the 

 circumstance of his being commissioned to paint a picture by the Cro- 

 toniats a very insufficient reason. Zeuxis, when he had made himself 

 rich by his profession, and must accordingly have been somewhat 

 advanced in years, gave away some of his works, and Archelaus was 

 then living, for he presented a picture of the god Pan to that king. 

 Zeuxis lived also some time at Ephesus, and Tzetzes, an indifferent 

 authority, calls him a native of that place. 



Lucian terms Zeuxis the greatest painter of his time : he was imme- 

 diately preceded by Apollodorus of Athens, whom he surpassed ; and 

 he was immediately followed by Parrhasius of Ephesus, who surpassed 

 him. The peculiar excellence of Zeuxis is defined by many ancient 

 writers : he drew well and in a grand style, and the beauty uud 

 grandeur of his forms were so predominant, that he was said by Aris- 

 totle to have failed in expressing mind. Aristotle adds that he was 

 in this respect much surpassed by Polygnotus of Thasos, who preceded 

 him about half a century. Quintilian says that Zeuxis followed 

 Homer, who loved powerful forms even in women ; he likewise 

 notices his excellence in light and shade. Cicero also speaks of the 

 fine forms of Zeuxis. That he was excellent in light and shade and 

 colour is evident from the complaint of Apollodorus, that Zeuxia 

 had robbed him of his art : effective colouring and light and shaie 

 were the peculiar excellences of Apollodorus. With these excellences 

 Zeuxis combined a dramatic effect of composition, and he was dis- 

 tinguished also, according to Lucian, by a peculiar choice of subject ; 

 for he seldom or never, says Lucian, exerted his powers upon such 

 vulgar or hackneyed subjects as gods, heroes, or battles ; but he 

 always selected something new and unattempted, and when he had 

 chosen a subject he laboured his utmost to render it a masterpiece. 

 Luciau instances, as an example, a picture of a family of Centaurs, of 

 which he saw a copy at Athens, and which excited his wonder from 

 its extraordinary excellence. The original was lost at sea on its passage 

 to Rome, whither it was sent by Sulla. Lucian describes it as follows : 

 " On a grass-plot of the most glossy verdure lies the Centauress, with 

 the whole equine part of her stretched on the ground, the hind feet 

 extending backwards, while the upper female part is gently raised and 

 reclining on one elbow. But the fore feet are not equally extended, 

 as if she lay on her side ; yet one seems to rest on the knee, having 

 the hoof bent backward, whereas the other is lifted up and pawing the 

 ground, as horses are wont to do when they are going to spring up. 

 Of her two young, one she holds in her arms to give it the breast, the 

 other lies under her sucking like a foal. On an elevation behind her 

 is seen a Centaur, who appears to be her mate, but is only visible to 

 the half of the horse; he looks down upon her with a complacent 

 smile, holding up in one hand the whelp of a lion, as if jocosely to 



frighten his little ones with it In the male Centaur all is fierce 



and terrific : his shaggy mane-like hair, his rough body, his broad and 

 brawny shoulders, and the countenance, though smiling, yet wild and 

 savage : in short, everything bears the character of these compound 

 beings. The Centauress, on the other hand, as far as she is brutal, 

 resembles the finest marc of the Thessalian breed which is yet 

 untamed and has never been mounted ; by the other moiety she is a 

 woman of consummate beauty, excepting only in the ears, which have 

 somewhat of the satyr shape. The blending however of the human 

 and the animal natures is so artificial, and the transition of one to the 

 other so imperceptible, or rather they so gently lose themselves in one 

 another, that it is impossible to discern where the one ceases and the 

 other begins. Nor in my mind was it less admirable that the new- 

 born youug ones, notwithstanding their tender age, have somewhat 

 wild and fierce in their aspect, and that mixture of infantine timidity 

 and curiosity with which they look up at the whelp, while at the same 

 time they continue eagerly sucking, and cling as close as they can to 

 the mother" (Tooke's Translation). Pliny notices several pictures by 



