015 



ZOLLIKOFER, GEORG JOACHIM. 



ZOROASTER. 



046 



namely, to suppose that there were two persons of the name of Zoilus 

 the one a gramrnariau who attacked Homer, and the other a rheto- 

 rician, though a careful examination of the passages in which Zoilua 

 is mentioned leaves no doubt that they all refer to the same person. 

 We have thus no alternative except to suppose that some of the 

 ancients fixed the date of Zoilus incorrectly. From Heraclides Ponti- 

 cus it appears that Zoilus was originally a slave, but he afterwards 

 acquired great reputation as a rhetorician. He was notorious for the 

 bitterness and severity of his attacks, whence he was nicknamed ' the 

 rhetorical dog ' (KVCCV priropiK6s), He attacked Homer for introducing 

 fabulous and incredible stories in his poems, and also Plato and Iso- 

 crates. ^Scholiast ad ' Horn. Iliad.,' v. 7, 20, &c. ; Longinus, ' De 

 Sublim.,' ix. 14; Scholiast ad 'Plat. Hipparch.,' p. 240; Dionys. Hal., 

 4 Demosth.,' 8; ' Isaeus,' 20.) For this reason his name appears to 

 have become proverbial for a detractor in general. (Ovid, ' llemed. 

 Amor.,' 366.) But Dionysius of Halicarnassus (' Epist. ad Pomp.,' 

 c. 1) gives him the honourable testimony of having attacked no one 

 except in defence of what he considered the truth, and he places him 

 by the side of Aristotle and other great men. The story of his having 

 been ill-used by Ptolemy Philadelphus for having censured Homer, and 

 of his miserable death, of which three traditions are enumerated by 

 Vitruvius, is probably a mere fable ; and the account of Suidas, that 

 he was killed at Olympia by the assembled Greeks for his hostility 

 towards Homer, deserves just as little credit. The following works of 

 Zoilus are mentioned by Suidas and others : 1, a work in nine books 

 against the poetry of Homer (Suidas ; Dionys. Hal., ' Isaeus,' 20) ; 

 2, an oration against Homer, y6yos 'Oujipov (Suidas) ; 3, an historical 

 work in three books, beginning with the theogony and ending with the 

 death of Philip of Macedonia (Suidas) ; 4, a work on Amphipolis 

 (Suidas) ; 5, an encomium on the inhabitants of Tenedos (Strabo, vi., 

 p. 271) ; and 6, a work on the figures of speech, of which a fragment 

 is still extant (Phoebammon, ' De Figuris/ p. 588, ed. Aldus ; comp. 

 Quintilian, ix. 1, 14). 



(Fabricius, Biblioth. Grcec., i., p. 560, &c.; Wolf, Prolegom. ad Homer., 

 p. 192 ; Vossius, De Hist. Greeds, p. 130, &c., ed. Westermann.) 



ZOLLIKOFER, GEORG JOACHIM, one of the greatest German 

 pulpit orators of the 18th century, was born on the 5th of August 

 1730, at St. Gallen in Switzerland. His early education was conducted 

 by his father, a distinguished and much respected lawyer ; and after 

 having for some time attended the public school of his native place, 

 young Zollikofer was sent to the gymnasia of Frankfurt-on-the-Main 

 and of Bremen. When he had completed his preparatory courses, he 

 went to the University of Utrecht, where he studied chiefly theology, 

 but devoted also much time to the study of the ancients, of philoso- 

 phy, and belles-lettres. Soon after his return to Switzerland he was 

 appointed, in 1754, pastor at Murten in the Pays de Vaud, but he did 

 not remain there long. After having successively been removed to 

 Monstein and Isenburg, he was'invited, in 1758, to the office of pastor 

 of the Reformed (Calvinistic) congregation at Leipzig. In this place 

 he continued until his death, on the 25th of January 1788, although 

 several very honourable offers were made to him. His position at 

 Leipzig was particularly favourable, for his congregation was one of 

 the most enlightened in Germany, and his intercourse with the distin- 

 guished professors of the university had a great influence on the 

 development of his talent as a pulpit orator. He also exerted a 

 very beneficial influence not only upon his congregation, but upon the 

 young theologians of Leipzig, to whom his upright and pious conduct 

 was a model of what a pastor should be. His knowledge, though very 

 extensive, was not always profound, and he attached a higher value to 

 the practical part of religion than to learning and theological specu- 

 lation. He taught his flock by word and example the practical 

 influence which Christianity should have upon their conduct. His 

 method of preaching was calm and dignified, impressive and con- 

 vincing, without being rhetorical. Although his sermons were not 

 exactly what we call popular, they were always clear and lucid, and 

 won their way to the heart through the understanding. He counter- 

 acted the prevailing prejudices and evils of the time, and endeavoured 

 to correct the vulgar notions of morality, and to enlighten his 

 audience in the true sense of the word. What rendered his influence 

 as a teacher the more efficacious was, the fact that his own life was a 

 perfect exemplar of what he taught. As regards his doctrinal views, 

 he did not hesitate to attack the common opinions where he thought 

 them incompatible with reason and good sense ; and, although he was 

 not a neologian, yet he differed in several points from the common 

 Calvinistic views. The best of his sermons, amounting to about 250, 

 were published and received with great favour, and they are still 

 much read in Germany. Zollikofer himself published several col- 

 lections of them : one at Leipzig, in 1769-71, in 3 vols. 8vo ; a second 

 in 1784, 2 vols. 8vo, reprinted in 1790 and 1795 ; and a third in 1787, 

 8vo, of which a third edition appeared in 1789. After his death a 

 collection of unpublished sermons was edited by F. Von Blankenburg, 

 in 7 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1788-89, to which two more volumes were 

 added by J. G. Marezoll, 8vo, Leipzig, 1804. About the same time 

 there appeared a complete collection of all Zollikofer's sermons, in 

 15 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1789-1804. Besides these sermons, he pub- 

 lished 1, a new Hymn-book for the use of the Reformed Churches, 

 8vo, Leipzig, 1766; some of the hymns are of his own composition, 

 and the great popularity of them is manifest from an eighth edition 



BIOG. DIV, VOL. VI. 



being published in 1789, 8vo. 2, ' Abhandlung iibcr die Erziehung,' 

 8vo, Leipzig, 1783. 3, ' Anreden und Gebeto zum Gebrauch bei dem 

 gemeinschaftlichen und auch dem hauslichen Gottesdienste,' 8vo, 

 Leipzig, 1777, reprinted in 1785. 4, ' Andachtsiibungen und Gebete 

 zum Privatgebrauch fiir nachdenkende und gutgesinnte Christen/ 

 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1785. A third and fourth volumes appeared after 

 his death, in 1792 and 1793, and a new edition of the two last volumes 

 in 1802, &c. Zollikofer also translated several works from the French 

 and English, with which languages he was thoroughly conversant. 

 From the English he translated P. Brydone's ' Travels in Sicily and 

 Malta,' of which a third edition appeared at Leipzig in 1783. Zolli- 

 kofer's sermons were translated into English by William Tooke, 

 10 vols. 8vo. 



(C. Garve, Ueber den Character Zollikofer's, 8vo, Leipzig, 1788 ; Jor- 

 dens, LexiJcon Deutscher Dichter und Prosaislen, v. pp. 663-690.) 



ZONA'RAS, JOANNES, a Greek historian and theologian of the 

 12th century of the Christian era. He was a native of Constantinople, 

 and lived in the reign of the Emperor Alexius Comnenus. He was at 

 first invested with the high office of prscfect of the emperor's body- 

 guards, and that of protoasecretis (irpcaroa.ff-i]Kpriris), but he afterwards 

 entered a monastery. During this last period of his life, which falls 

 in the reign of Joannes Comnenus, he devoted himself entirely to 

 literary pursuits, and produced several great works, partly historical 

 and partly theological. He is said to have died on Mount Athos, at 

 the age of eighty-eight. He is spoken of by his contemporaries, as 

 well as by subsequent writers, in terms of the highest praise, both as a 

 man and a philosopher. We subjoin a list of those of his works which 

 have been printed, and begin with the most important : 1, XpoviKJv, 

 or annals from the creation of the world down to the death of Alexius 

 Comnenus, 1118, at which point Acominatus Nicetas takes up the 

 history. This work is divided into two great parts, and subdivided 

 into eighteen books. It is a compilation from the earlier Greek his- 

 torians, whose statements are sometimes only transcribed and some- 

 times abridged, so that the work is a substitute for many others which 

 have perished. The ' Annals ' of Zonaras were first edited by H. Wolf, 

 with a Latin translation by A. Fugger (3 vols. folio, Basel, 1557). This 

 edition was followed by a much better one by Du Fresne du Cange 

 (2 vols. folio, Paris, 1686, &c.), with an improved Latin translation and 

 notes. A reprint of this edition is contained in the Venice collection 

 of the Byzantine writers of 1729, &c., in 23 vols. folio. In the Bonn 

 collection of the Byzantine writers Zonaras is edited by Pinder. 2, 

 'Er)yri<ns T>V lep&v Kal Gtiuv Kav6v<av, &c., that is, an exposition of the 

 sacred canons and those of the apostles, councils, synods, and ecclesi- 

 astical fathers. The commentary on the canons of the apostles was 

 edited in a Latin translation by J. Quintinus (Paris, 1558), and that on 

 the councils and fathers, likewise in a Latin translation, by A. Salmatia, 

 (Milan, 1613). The Greek original of the latter, with the Latin version, 

 was published at Paris in 1618, folio. The whole of Zonaras's" com- 

 mentaries, both in Greek and Latin, was edited by G. Beuergius (folio, 

 Oxford, 1672). 3, A6yos irpbs TOVS T^V (pvcriK^f rfjs yovrjs ticpoTjv /iuas/ua 

 f)yov/j.fvovs. It is published in E. Bonefidius's ' Jus Orientale/ iii. 261, 

 &c., both in Latin and Greek, and also in Leunclavius and Freher's 

 'Jus Graeco-Romanum,' i. 351, &c. 4, ' Etc irpoffiairov Tiav apxitpetav 

 irepl TOV fj.'ri 5e"tv 5iea5<=A<<ws T^V a.vrr]v ayayeffGai irpbs yd.fj.ov : ' that is, a 

 treatise to show that two nephews should not be allowed to marry the 

 same woman. It is printed in Latin and Greek in Cotelerius's ' Monu- 

 menta Ecclesiae Graecae,' ii. 483, &c. There are several other works 

 of Zonaras, and among them several homilies and letters which have 

 not yet been printed, or only in a fragmentary way : a complete list of 

 them is given by Fabricius. 



(BiUioth. Graec., xi, p. 222, &c. ; vii., p. 465, &c. : compare Cave, 

 Historia Literaria, i., p. 648, &c.) 



ZOROASTER, or ZERDUSHT, the founder of the religion of the 

 Parsees, was born about B.c. 589, at Urmia, a town of Azerbijan, in 

 the reign of Lohrasp, the father of Gushtasp (the Darius Hystaspes of 

 the Greeks). His parents were in an humble condition, although of a 

 noble family, and some of the Eastern authorities trace the lineage of 

 his father, Purushasp, to Feridoon. Daghda (Anquetil writes Dogdo), 

 the mother of Zoroaster, is also said to have been of princely birth, 

 and it is needless to observe that her life is reported to have been so 

 spotless as to attract the favour of the Deity, who foretold to her the 

 greatness of Zoroaster while yet in the womb, through the medium of 

 magic dreams. Nor is it necessary to state that the birth of the 

 Persian prophet was attended with many miraculous circumstances 

 calculated to make the persons who saw it adopt and spread the 

 belief in the divine mission of the new-born infant. Many of these 

 miracles have found their way into classical writings, and Pliny 

 mentions that Zoroaster laughed on the day on which he was born, 

 and that his brain palpitated so violently as to repel the hand when 

 placed on it. ('His. Nat.' vii., c. 16; H. Lord's 'Account of the 

 Modern Parsees in India,' c. 3.) Miracles of this kind are by Eastern 

 authors always made to precede the life of a remarkable man, and 

 they serve to show the high influence which Zoroaster obtained 

 throughout life, and the respect which posterity paid to his memory. 

 The years of Zoroaster's childhood quietly passed in his native town 

 although his historians delight in adorning them with the most extra- 

 vagant accounts of his exploits when a chUd. However, he must have 

 soon turned his attention to the study of nature, as it is stated that 



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