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ZOSIMUS. 



ZOUCH, THOMAS. 



060 



the first time, he began to read in broken and tremulous accents soino 

 verses in honour of Larra, which Sehor Roca de Togores had to 

 take from his hand, for overcome by the force of hia emotions, he 

 could not proceed. Our astonishment and our enthusiasm were equal. 

 As soon as we learned the name of the gifted mortal who had pro- 

 nounced such new and celestial harmony in our ears, we returned 

 thanks to Providence for having raised up one poet at the death of 

 another, and the same funeral procession which had just accompanied 

 the illustrious Larra to the mansions of the dead left the precincts of 

 the cemetery carrying in triumph a new poet to the world of the 

 living, and proclaiming with enthusiasm the name of Zorrilla." 



Such is the narrative prefixed by Pastor Diaz to a volume edited by 

 himself and Roca de Togores of the poems of Zorrilla, which appeared 

 a few months after in 1837. The first piece in the volume is the poem 

 iu memory of Larra, the remainder are chiefly pieces in which may be 

 traced the influence of the poetry of Byron and still more of the 

 French romantic school of the period. With much that was crude 

 there was much of promise the poet was still so young that the 

 most brilliant hopes were formed of his career, and they have not 

 been disappointed. In his next volume of poems, which followed soon 

 after, he had changed his line of thought, and announced his ambition 

 to become a national poet, and, as a Spaniard and a Christian, to sing 

 the glories of Christianity and Spain. To this determination he has 

 adhered for the twenty years that have since elapsed, and has thus per- 

 haps assisted in confining his fame to his native country, where he 

 appears to be recognised as decidedly the first poet of his time. His 

 productions are numerous. His dramas alone amount to more than 

 twenty in number, all of them on national subjects, and written in the 

 old national metre of Lope and Calderon. One of them, ' The Apo- 

 theosis of Calderou ' is quite in the old Spanish taste, the characters 

 being Fame, Repose, Criticism, Homer, Virgil, Shakspere, and Cer- 

 vantes. In ' Don Juan Tenorio,' a play in two parts, founded on tho 

 story of the world-renowned Don Juan, the termination leaves the hero 

 not in hell but iu purgatory, amid a burst of religious doctrine and 

 feeling which iu England would be thought unusual for the stage. 

 The most popular of his dramas is another in two parts, ' El Zapatb'ro 

 y el Key' (the Shoemaker and the King), which has been one of tho 

 most successful on the Spanish boards. Many of the others are 

 accused of being melodramatic, but none of being dull. His ballads 

 and shorter pieces exhibit the same national air. One of the finest is 

 undoubtedly 'A buen Juez, mejor Testigo' (The Judge good and the 

 Witness better), a story of a seduced lady who, unable to produce 

 any evidence of her seducer's promise of marriage, appeals to a crucifix 

 before which it was made, and is miraculously answered, a tale so 

 vividly and admirably told, that but for the Roman Catholic, and to 

 English notions irreverent, character of some of its contents, it would 

 probably have been long ere now translated and popular in English. 

 While Zorrilla's subjects are thus national and antique, his style of 

 narrative is by no means of the grave and serious real Spanish cha- 

 racter, but rapid, concise, and energetic, with some of the best 

 characteristics of modern French literature, which he appears to 

 have studied closely. Perhaps his leading work, on the whole, is his 

 'Cantos del Trovador' (Songs of the Troubadour), a collection of 

 legends and historical traditions (3 vols., Madrid, 184041). His 

 'Granada,' an epic poem (2 vols., Paris, 1852), appears to be less suc- 

 cessful. In the preface he speaks in somewhat hyperbolic terms of 

 Granada, which he informs us has " become for him the object of a 

 superstitious idolatry which has absorbed all his thoughts." The 

 whole history of the city was to be included in this poem and in 

 another called the ' Cueuto de Cuentos' (or Tale of Tales). Though 

 so ardent a devotee of Spanish glory, Zorrilla has now lived for some 

 years away from it, spending much of his time in France and Belgium, 

 and by a passage in one of his notes to ' Granada,' he appears to have 

 visited England. He speaks in the preface to the same poem of " the 

 misfortunes which have nearly overwhelmed him," and " the loss of 

 his parents and property." By a poem published as early as 1840 and 

 addressed to his wife Donna Matilda O'Reilly y Zorrilla, it may be 

 gathered that he was early married to a lady of Irish descent. An 

 edition of his works was published at Paris in 1847, and again hi 1853, 

 as part of the collection of Spanish classics issued by Baudry. 



ZO'SIMUS, a native of Greece, succeeded Innocent I. as bishop of 

 Rome, A.D. 417, under the reigu of Honorius, emperor of the West. 

 At that time Pelagius and his friend Ccelestius were disseminating in 

 the west their peculiar doctrines about the merit of good works and 

 the freedom of man from sin. Zosimus appears at first to have been 

 captivated by the eloquence of Coelestius, who was a ready and subtle 

 speaker, and to have countenanced his tenets. But Pelagius and 

 Ccclestiua were soon after condemned by the council of Carthage, A.D. 

 418, and Zosimua confirmed the sentence of heresy against the Pela- 

 gians. A dispute about jurisdiction having arisen in Gaul between 

 the bishop of Aries aiid the bishop of Vienne, Zosimus supported the 

 bishop of Aries, but the other bishops of Gaul did not submit to his 

 decision. Zosimus encouraged appeals from the bishops to the see of 

 Rome. His letters ou the Gaulish and Pelagian controversies are 

 worthy of notice, and they are inserted in Constant's ' Epistolse Roma- 

 norum Pontiticum.' Zosimua died in December 418. (Muratori, 

 Annali d' Italia, and the Church Historians.) 



ZO'SIMUS (Zwirtfj.os), a Greek historian of the time of Theodosius 



the younger (A.D. 408-450). He is described by Photius ('BibL Cod.,' 

 98)asK<fyjs Hal airo Qio-Koffvvfi'yopos^comea et exadvocatusnaci), and was 

 perhaps a sou of Zosimus, the prsefect of Epirus, who is mentioned in 

 the Theodosian Code in connection with some laws promulgated by 

 Valentiuian and Valens in A.D. 373. Zosimus is the author of an 

 historical work still extant (iffropia or i<nopiK6v), in six books, which 

 appears to have been written after the year A.D. 425, as it (v. 27) men- 

 tions an occurrence which happened in that year. It begins with the 

 history of Augustus, and after having given iu the first book a sketch 

 of the history of the emperors down to the end of Diocletian's reign, 

 A.D. 305, the author devotes the remaining five books to a more de- 

 tailed history of the Roman empire down to the year A.D. 409, when 

 Rome was besieged by Alaric a second time, and Attalus was declared 

 emperor. Zosimus seems to have been pretty well acquainted with 

 the earlier writers on Roman history. Photiua says that this work 

 was a mere compilation from tho chronicle of Eunapius, who however 

 is not mentioned by Zosimus. He also used the works of Dexippus 

 and Olympiodorus, from the latter of whom he copied whole chapters. 

 As Zosimus did not examine the credibility of his sources, hia own 

 weight as an historical authority depends on that of his sources. The 

 style of his history is well characterised by Photius, who calls it con- 

 cise, pure, and pleasing. Zosimus himself was a pagan, and is severely 

 censured by Christian writers for the frankness with which he records 

 the crimes and vices of Christian emperors. (Phot., 'BibL Cod.,' 98; 

 Evagrius, iii, 40, 41 ; Nicephorus, xvi. 41, &c.) But it cannot be 

 proved that he carried his accusation any further than hia duty as a 

 historian required. The firat edition of the history of Zosimua ap- 

 peared in a Latin translation by Leuuclavius, foL, Basel, 1576. It 

 contaiua the vindication of the character of Zosimua against the impu- 

 tations of Christian writers, and also a Latin translation of Procopius, 

 Agathias, and Jornandes. The first edition of the Greek text, with 

 the translation of Leuaclavius (though the translator's n'-aio ia not 

 mentioned) is that of H. Stephens, 4to, Lyon, 1581. In this edition 

 Zosimus is printed with Herodian. Zosimua ia also contained in Fr. 

 Sylburg's ' Romanaa Histories Scriptorea Graeci,' foL, Frankfurt, 1590 : 

 this waa followed by two separate editions of Zosimus, the one by 

 Chr. Olearius (Zeitz, Svo, 1579, reprinted at Jena, Svo, 1714), and tho 

 other by Thomas Smith (Oxford, Svo, 1679). The best modern editions 

 are that of J. F. Reitemeier (Leipzig, Svo, 1784, with a valuable intro- 

 duction, notes, and commentary), and of Emmanuel Bekker (Bonn, 

 Svo, 1837). There is an English translation, under the title of ' The 

 New History of Count Zosimus,' &c., Svo, London, 1684. (Fabricius, 

 Biblioth, GrcBC., viii., p. 62, &c. ; Vossiua, De. Historicis, p. 312, ed. 

 Westermann ; Reitemeier, Commentatio de Zosimi fide, stilo et Histo- 

 ricis quos tile scquutus est Scriptoribus, iu the Bibliotheca Philologica, 

 ii., p. 225, &c., Leipzig, 8vo, 1780.) 



ZOQCH, RICHARD, an eminent English civilian, was born about 

 1590. He waa educated on the free 1'ouudation of Winchester school ; 

 elected to New College, Oxford, in 1607, and chosen fellow in 1609. 

 He took the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law in June 1614, and was 

 admitted at Doctors' Commons in January 1618. In April 1619 he 

 commenced L.L.D., and was appointed Regius Professor of Law at 

 Oxford in 1620. He represented Hythe in the last parliament of 

 James I. In 1625 he was appointed principal of St. Al ban's Hall, and 

 chancellor of the diocese of Oxford, and soon after judge of the High 

 Court of Admiralty. He contributed the legal arguments to the 

 reasons against the Solemn League and Covenant, published by the 

 University of Oxford in 1647. In 1648 he submitted to the parlia- 

 mentary visitors, and was allowed to retain his university appoint- 

 ments till the Restoration. Cromwell appointed him one of the 

 delegates in the cause of Dom Pantaleon de Sa, brother of the Por- 

 tuguese ambassador, who was tried and executed in 1553, for the 

 murder of an English gentleman. At the Restoration he was rein- 

 stated as judge of the Admiralty, and nominated a commissioner for 

 regulating the university. He died soon after at his apartments in 

 Doctors' Commons, on the 1st of March 1661. 



Zouch published, in 1613, ' The Dove,' an indifferent poem. His 

 professional works are : 1, ' Elementa Jurisprudentiae, defiuitionibus, 

 regulis, et sententiis selectioribua juris civilis illustrata,' Svo, Oxford, 

 1629. 2, 'Descriptio juris et judicii feudalis, secundum consuetudinea 

 Mediolani et Normannise, pro introductione ad jurisprudeutiam Angli- 

 canam,' Svo, Oxford, 1634. 3, 'Descriptio juris et judicii temporalis, 

 secundum consuetudinea feudales et Normannicas, 4to, Oxford, 1636. 

 4, 'Descriptio juris et judicii ecclesiastici, secundum canones et con- 

 suetudinea Anglicanas,' 4to, Oxford, 1636. 6, ' Descriptiones juris et 

 judicii sacri; juris et judicii militaris; et juris et judicii maritimi,' 4to, 

 Oxford, 1640. 6, ' Juris et judicii fecialis, sive juris inter gentes, &c. 

 explicatio,' 4to, Oxford, 1650. 7, 'Cases and Questions resolved at 

 Civil Law,' 8vo, Oxford, 1652. 8, 'Solutio qusestionia de legati delin- 

 quentis judice competente,' Svo, 1657. 9, ' Eruditionis ingeuuse speci- 

 men, scilicet artium, logicse dialecticse, &c.,' Svo, Oxford, 1657. 10, 

 ' Qusestionum juris civilis centuria iu decem classes distributa,' Svo, 

 Oxford, 1660. 11, ' The Jurisdiction of the Admiralty Court asserted 

 against Sir Edward Coke's Articuli Admiralitatis, in the 22nd chapter 

 of his Jurisdiction of Courts,' Svo, London, 1663 ; a posthumous pub- 

 lication. An anonymous pamphlet, entitled ' Specimen qusestiouum 

 juris civilis,' 4to, Oxford 1653, has been attributed to Zouch. 



ZOUCH, THOMAS, an English divine, was born near Wakefield in 



