HI 



ZUCCHI, ANTONIO. 



ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO. 



850 



accomplishments and personal attractions : be was the most fortunate 

 painter, or perhaps artist, of his time. Lauzi criticises his writings; 

 he terms them bombastic and pedantic, and says that instead of 

 instruction they present a mere tissue of sterile and undigested specu- 

 lations, and that one page of Vaaari is worth more than all that 

 Zuocaro wrote. 



(Vasari, Vite de' Pittori, <L-c. ; Bagliono, Vite de' Pittori, tto. ; Wai- 

 pole, Anecdotes of Patntiny, &c. ; Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, dec. ; Cean 

 Bermudez, Diccionario Hulorico, <kc.) 



ZU'CCHI, ANTONIO, an Italian painter, born at Venice in 1726. 

 His father, Francesco Zucchi, was an engraver, and was his son's first 

 instructor in drawing; he afterwards learned painting under F. Fonte- 

 basso and J. Amigoni. Robert Adam, the architect, when iti Italy, 

 engaged Zucchi to mako drawings for him ; and Zucchi travelled with 

 him in Italy and accompanied him to this country, and was much 

 employed by him as an interior decorator and fresco painter. He 

 painted mythological subjects, ruins, and ornaments : his colouring 

 was pleasing, but his style was superficial and merely ornamental. 

 He executed some works in the old Buckingham House, St. James's 

 Park, and he painted much at Osterley Park, the seat of the Countess 

 of Jersey, oiiginally built by Sir Thomas Gresham. Zucchi lived 

 several years in England, and was an Associate of the Royal Academy. 

 He left this country in company with Angelica Kauffmann, and went 

 to Rome, where he died in J795. 



(Longhi, Vite dt? Pittori Veneziani, &c.; Edwards, Anecdotes of 

 Painting, &c.) 



ZUMALACARREGUI, TOMAS, was born, December 29, 1788, in 

 the village of Ormasitegui, near Villareal, in the Spanish province of 

 Guipuzcoa. His parents belonged to the class of nobles, but were not 

 rich. When the French invaded the Spanish peninsula in 1808 he was 

 studying law in the University of Pamplona. He then relinquished 

 hfs legal studies, and entered the army as a cadet. He served under 

 Mina, and in 1813 had risen to the rank of captain. In 1822 he 

 was still a captain, and soon afterwards commanded two battalions of 

 Quesada's division in the royalist army in opposition to that of the 

 constitutionalists. In 1825 he became lieutenant-colonel, and had the 

 command of the firat regiment of King's Volunteers, and subsequently 

 the Prince's Regiment, the third of the line. Soon afterwards he 

 became colonel, and commanded the third regiment of light infantry, 

 and afterwards the regiment of Estremadura, the 14th of the line. 

 These successive removals were made on account of his known talents 

 in the discipline aud organisation of large bodies of men; but his 

 attachment to the party of Don Carlos was also known, and when the 

 death of Ferdinand VII. was expected to take place, Zumalacarregui 

 was not only displaced by the inspector of the infantry, but was 

 arrested as an enemy of the existing government. Having been set at 

 liberty, he sent in his resignation, and retired to Pamplona, where his 

 wife and family were residing. On the death of Ferdinand in Septem- 

 ber, 1833, he was offered the rank of brigadier-general on condition 

 that he would attach himself to the queen's army, but this offer he 

 declined. He was strictly watched, but escaped by night, and on the 

 30th of October joined the insurgents in the Basque Provinces. He 

 collected a considerable force, though his means were limited to about 

 200/. of his own money, and in a series of mountain conflicts he over- 

 came the best of the queen's generals. Don Carlos left England 

 secretly, and joined the army in July, 1834. Zumalacarregui defeated 

 General Rodil in the valley of Amescoas on the 1st of August, routed 

 the Christina force at Viana on the 7th of September, gained a victory 

 in the plains of Vitoria on the 27th of October, and in the spring of 

 1835, after a conflict of four days with the queen's forces under Valdes, 

 gained another important victory in the valley of Amescoas. On the 

 15th of June, while preparing to storm Bilbao, and while he was 

 reconnoitring the place with a telescope, he was struck on the inner 

 part of the calf of the leg by a musket-ball, which fractured the 

 smaller bone, and lodged in the flesh. The ball was not extracted so 

 soon as it ought to have been, inflammation supervened, and Zutnala- 

 carregui died, Juiie 25, 1835. He had the sobriquet of "El Tio 

 Tomas" (Uncle Thomas), by which he was more commonly designated 

 than by his own name. ^In 1836 was published ' The most Striking 



ZUMMO, GAETA'NO G1ULIO, a celebrated modeller in coloured 

 wax, was born of a noble family at Syracuse in 1656 : his name is 

 commonly, but incorrectly, written Zumbo. He devoted himself early 

 to the study of sculpture, and combining with it a careful investigation 

 of the anatomy of the human body, ho produced some very clever 

 works and anatomical preparations in coloured wax, prepared after a 

 method of his own. Ho acquired a reputation in several cities of 

 Italy in Bologna, Genoa, but especially at Florence, where the Grand- 

 Duke Cosmo III. took him into his service. Among other works 

 which Zummo executed for this prince is one which is called ' La Car- 

 ruzione' (Corruption) : it consists of a group of five figures in high 

 relief, showing various stages of decomposition of the human body after 

 death. At one corner of this work he has put his own portrait, and 

 inscribed under it his name as follows :" Caet u " Jul ua - Zummo 

 S" 8 -," which is, " Caetauus Julius Zummo Syracusanus." He made 

 another group showing the effects of the plague ; and both works are 



as extremely repulsive to look at as they are remarkable for their 

 ingenuity of execution. He made likewise at Florence several auato- 

 mical preparations. At Genoa he executed two very beautiful works, 

 representing the Nativity and the Descent from the Cross ; the latter 

 has been well engraved by E. S. Cheron. They are both described by 

 De Piles in his 'Cours de Peinture,' -'Description de deux ouvrages de 

 Sculpture, qui appartiennent a Mr. Le Hag, faits par Mr. Zumbo, 

 Gentilhomme Sicilien.' From Genoa Zummo went to Paris, where he 

 died in 1701. 



Upwards of a century before Zummo, Jacopo Vivio, an Italian 

 artist, distinguished himself for his models in coloured wax; he is 

 said to have made a copy of the Last Judgment by Michel Augelo 

 in wax. 



* ZUMPT, CARL GOTTLOB, was born on the 20th of March 1792, 

 in Berlin. After receiving a good preparatory education in two of the 

 gymnasiums of his native city, he proceeded in 1809 to the University 

 of Heidelberg, where he devoted himself mostly to philological 

 studies under Greuzer. In the following year he returned to Berlin, 

 where, in the newly-founded university, he was stimulated and assisted 

 in his favourite study of the classical languages by the lectures of 

 Wolf, Heindorf, and Bb'ckh. In 1812 he was appointed to the situation 

 of au ordinary teacher in the Werder'schen Gymnasium, aud continued 

 in the performance of his duties there till 1821, when he was appointed 

 a professor in the Joacbimsthal Gymnasium. Meantime he had pub- 

 lished his 'Rules of Latin Syntax' (Berlin, 1814), out of which, by 

 additions, he constructed the first edition of his Latin Grammar, 

 'Lateinische Grammatik,' Berlin, 1818. In consequence of a dispute 

 with the directors of the gymnasium, Zumpt resigned his professor- 

 ship in 1820, and was for a time professor of history in the Military 

 School, but in 1828 he was advanced to the situation of Professor of 

 Roman Literature in the University of Berlin. In 1831 he made ;i 

 tour in Italy, and in 1835 another in Greece. In the latter year he 

 was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin. 



Zurnpt's great work is the ' Latin Grammar," which has had a very 

 large circulation in Germany, and has passed through several editions, 

 each of which has been assiduously corrected and improved by the 

 author, till it is become in its details quite a different work from what 

 it was in its early state. Its chief merit consists in its copious aud 

 well-arranged syntax, and in this department it surpasses any Latin 

 Grammar which has been produced iu England. The etymology of 

 the Latin language has been studied in this country more comprehen- 

 sively than on the Continent, and in this branch its superiority is less 

 decided. Two translations of Zumpt's ' Lateinische Grammatik ' have 

 been made into English. The first, by the Rav. John Kenrick, M.A., 

 is from the third edition : it was published in 1823, and continued to 

 be reprinted without receiving the corrections and improvements 

 which had in the meantime been made in the German original. The 

 other translation is by Dr. Schmitz, rector of the High School of 

 Edinburgh. It is from the ninth edition of 1844, and was published 

 in 8vo in 1845, in communication with the author, and with all the 

 latest improvements. 



After Zumpt's Latin Grammar had been awhile in circulation, it 

 was found necessary to provide a more rudimentary grammar for 

 younger students, and this 'Aufzug' has been also translated by 

 Dr. Schmitz, under the title of ' A School-Grammar of the Latin Lan- 

 guage, translated and adapted to the High School of Edinburgh/ 

 12mo, 1846. 



Professor Zumpt's other works are mostly treatises and essays on 

 subjects connected with the manners and usages of the Romans, such 

 as, ' On the Court of the Centumvirs ' (liber Ursprung, Form, und 

 Bedeutung des Centumviralgerichts), 4to, 1838; 'On the Personal 

 Freedom of the Roman Citizen ' (Uber die Persouliche Freiheit des 

 Romischen Burgers), 8vo, 1846, and others. Some of these are 

 lectures which have been delivered before the Royal Academy of 

 Sciences, such as 'Die Religion des Rdmer/ 12mo, 1845. He has also 

 published editions of some of the Roman authors, with valuable notes. 

 Among these are Quinctilian's ' Institutiones Oratoriee/ Cicero's ' Ora- 

 tiones in Verrern,' Quiutus Curtius, and others. 



ZU'RBARAN, FRANCISCO, a very celebrated Spanish painter, 

 was born at Fuente de Cantos, in Estremadura, in November 1598 ; 

 he is called the Spanish Caravaggio. His parents, who were of the 

 labouring class, soon discovered in young Francisco an ability to excel 

 in painting, and they accordingly sent him to Seville to the school of 

 Juan de Roelas. He made very rapid progress, and from the great 

 resemblance of even his earliest works to those of Caravaggio, he is 

 supposed to have copied some pictures of that master which he may 

 have seen at Seville. He drew correctly, always painted from nature, 

 and was remarkable for his persevering studies of white draperies 

 from the lay figure, in painting which he greatly excelled. In 1625 

 the Marquis de Malacou commissioned Zurbanm to paint some pic- 

 tures for the altar of St. Peter in the Cathedral of Seville ; and about 

 the same time he painted his celebrated picture of St. Thomas 

 Aquinas, for the great altar of the church of the college of that saint 

 at Seville ; it contains many figures larger than life, and for nature, 

 chiaroscuro, aud general execution, is considered Zurbaran's master- 

 piece, and ranks him, says (Jean Derinudez, with the first masters of 

 Loinbardy. Other celebrated works by Zurbarau at Seville are three 

 at the Carthusians of Santa Maria de las Cuevas; the two altar-pieces 



