957 



ZURITA, GERONYMO. 



ZWINGLI. 



053 



of San Lorenzo and Sant' Antonio Abaci at the Mercenaries DeBcalzos; 

 some pictures at the Merced Calzada ; those by him in the church 

 of San Buenaventura ; and the crucifix in the oratory of the convent 

 of St. Paul. He painted likewise several works at Madrid in the 

 Palrtcio Nuevo, and in the Buenretiro, and some of them probably 

 before 1633, for on some works painted for the Carthusians at Xerez 

 in that year he signs himself painter to the king (Philip III.), ft title 

 which he most probably acquired after he had executed some of his 

 paintings at Madrid. He also spent some time at Madrid after this date 

 working for Philip IV., but he returned to Seville, and died there in 

 1C 62. He formed no scholars at Madrid, but Bernabd de Ayala, the 

 brothers Polanco, and other?, wore his scholars and imitators at Seville. 



Zurbaran's works are very numerous at Seville : there are also 

 several at Cordova and Guadalupe, and some at Castello and Pena- 

 randa. Out of Spain they are very -uncommon, but Marshal Soult 

 brought away some, and others have been sold and removed more 

 recently. In the Spanish Museum in the Louvre there is a room 

 devoted chiefly to the works of Zurbaran ; there are in it, according 

 to the catalogue,. 81 pictures by him, but many of them are very 

 indifferent, and are probably not by him. In this country the Duke 

 of Sutherland has a good specimen of his style, and there is a ' Virgin 

 in Glory ' from his pencil in the possession of Lord Elcho ; Mr. Stir- 

 ling, the learned historian of Spanish painting, has also two pictures 

 .by him. In the National Gallery is a 'Franciscan Monk/ which, 

 though not a very important work, affords a good illustration of his 

 style. His works have as much nature and power as those of Cara- 

 vaggio, and less vulgarity. The pictures from the life of San Pedro 

 Nolasco at the Merced Calzada at Seville, though some of Zurbaran's 

 earliest works, are among his best ; they are remarkable for the skill 

 with which he has managed the white draperies of the monastics. 



ZURITA, GERO'NYMO, a distinguished Spanish historian, was 

 bora at Saragossa, on the 4th of December, 1512. He studied at Alcala, 

 under Hernan Nunez. In 1530 he was appointed chief of the muni- 

 cipalities of Balbastro and Huesca. At a later period he succeeded his 

 father-in-law, Juan Garzias de Olivan, as fiscal of Madrid. In 1543 he 

 was admitted into the supreme council of Castile, and sent on a mis- 

 sion to Germany. On his return to his native country in 1549, he was 

 appointed by the states of Aragon coronista (chronicler) of the king- 

 dom, the first who filled the office, then newly instituted. 



The duties of this appointment appear to have engaged his whole 

 time from 1549 to 1567. An ordinance was issued in his favour by 

 Philip II. to all the municipalities and abbeys of his dominions, 

 enjoining them to open their archives and communicate their most 

 secret papers to Zurita. Thus authorised, the Coronista travelled 

 through Aragon, Italy, and Sicily, and collected a great number of 

 important documents. 



In 1567 Zurita was appointed private secretary to the king. In 

 1568 the grand inquisitor intrusted to his charge all the corres- 

 pondence of the holy office. Towards the close of his life he re- 

 signed this appointment, and retired to the Hieronymite convent of 

 Saragossa. The continuation of his Annals of Aragon was the occu- 

 pation of his declining years. He died in his convent, on the 3rd of 

 November, 1581. His books he bequeathed to the Chartreux of Sara- 

 gossa, but most of them were taken possession of for the Escurial 

 library. 



The works of Zurita are : 1, ' Annales de la Corona de Aragon,' 

 Saragossa, 1562-79 ; 2, ' Indices rerum ab?Aragoniae Regibus'gestarum 

 ab initiis regni ad annum 1410, tribus libris expositi,' Saragossa, 

 1578 ; 3, ' Progresses de la historia en el reyno de Aragon, que con- 

 tiene en quatros libros varios successos desde el an 1512, hasta al an 

 1580,' Saragossa, 1580 ; 4, ' Enmiendas y Advertenciaa en las coronicas 

 de los reies de Castilla que escrivio don Lopez de Ayala,' Saragossa, 

 1683. Boutervveck speaks in high terms of the writings of Zurita. By 

 a lucid exposition of the connection of events he has succeeded in 

 developing the growth of the Aragonese constitution. 



It was Zurita who first discovered the ' Chronicon Alexandrinum,' 

 published by Ducange among the Byzantine historians. Some gram- 

 matical notes of Zurita on the ' Commentaries of Cresar,' Claudian, and 

 the ' Antonine Itinerary ' are preserved in manuscript in the libraries 

 of the Chartreux of Saragossa and of the Escurial. 



(Elogios de Geronimo Zurita primer Coronista del Regno de Aragon, 

 par Diego Josef Dormer ; N. Antonio, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova.) 



ZWINGLI, or ULRICH ZUINGLI, the reformer of Switzerland, 

 was born at Wildhaus in the Toggenburg, in January 1484. His father 

 was a substantial farmer. Zwingli studied at Basel, and then at Bern, 

 from whence he went to study philosophy at Vienna; on his return 

 to Basel he went through his theological studies under Thomas Wyt- 

 tenbacb. He was ordained priest and said his first mass in 1506. He 

 was then appointed to the parish of Glarus, the head town of the 

 canton of that name. He applied himself strenuously to the study 

 of the Scriptures in the Hebrew and Greek text, and that of the early 

 fathers of the church. He appears to have been early impressed with 

 a notion that all was not right in the government and discipline of the 

 church as then established, and he communicated his doubts by letters 

 to several learned men, with whom he was acquainted. His life was 

 pure and exemplary, and he was much beloved by his flock for his 

 sermons ; he inculcated the practice of Gospel morality, avoiding as 

 much as possible to speak of the intercession of saints, of images and 



relics, and of fasts and pilgrimages. Twice he accompanied, as chap- 

 lain,, the military contingent of Glarus to the ware in Italy, in which 

 the Swiss were then taking an active part, as auxiliaries to one or the 

 other of the belligerents. Zwingli was at Milan when a part of the 

 Swiss, won over by the intrigues and bribes of Cardinal Schinuer, 

 refused to ratify the treaty of peace with France agreed upon by most 

 of the cantons, and marched out to attack the French army under 

 Trivulzio, more than double their strength. They fought desperately 

 for two days at Marignano, on the 14th and 15th of September 1515, 

 lost one-half of their number, but at the same time so crippled the 

 French that they were allowed to retire unmolested with their artillery 

 and their wounded. 



On his return to Switzerland, Zwingli wrote some strong remon- 

 strances to the governments of the various cantons, iutreating 

 them to put a stop to the practice of foreign enlistment, and not t 

 allow the blood of their countrymen to be wasted for quarrels not 

 their own. After having filled his post at Glarus for ten years, he was 

 appointed, in 1516, preacher to the monastery of Einsiedlen. There, 

 in the very sanctuary-of devotional practices, pilgrimages, indulgences, 

 and votive offerings, Zwingli preached more freely than he had done 

 at Glarus against the abuse of those things, entreating his audience to 

 seek forgiveness through the merits of the Saviour alone, and not 

 through the intercession of the Virgin and other saints, and to consult 

 the Scriptures as the only safe rule in matters of faith. He had several 

 conferences with Cardinal Schinner, whom he had known in Italy, and 

 he warmly represented to him as well as to the Bishop of Constance 

 the urgent necessity of a reform in the discipline of the church, in- 

 treating them and their brother prelates to take the work into their 

 own hands, for fear that the people whose eyes began to be opened to 

 the astounding corruption around them, should lose all respect for the 

 church, and the whole social and' religious world be thrown into an- 

 archy. At this time Zwingli had not even heard of Luther, whose theses 

 against the sale of indulgences were affixed at the gates of the Castle 

 church of Wittenberg, on the last day of October 1517, when Zwingli 

 had been already preaching at Einsiedlen against similar practices for 

 nearly two years. This shows that the movement of the Reformation 

 did not originate with Luther alone, but commenced simultaneously 

 in different countries, where minds similarly tempered, though unac- 

 quainted with one another, felt a common impulse from general cir- 

 cumstances and from what they saw of the condition of the church 

 around them. 



In 1518 the traffic in indulgences spread to Switzerland. Bernardin 

 Samson, a Franciscan friar of the convent of Milan, was commissioned 

 by his superiors to sell indulgences in Switzerland. Samson, a vulgar 

 ignorant man, in his eagerness for customers went beyond the lax 

 notions of the times, according to which most people believed that 

 indulgences remitted the guilt as well as the penalty of past offences, a 

 notion unwarranted by the councils or by the divines of the Roman 

 Church. Samson told the Swiss mountaineers that by purchasing 

 indulgences to a certain amount they might obtain a sort of privilege 

 or immunity for future sins which they might happen to commit. 

 Samson however was opposed by Zwingli, who made a stand at the 

 church gate of the abbey of Eiusiedlen, and refused the friar admit- 

 tance, being supported in this by the abbot, and especially by Theo- 

 bald, baron of Geroldsek, who was the vogt or economical administrator 

 of the abbey. Zwingli then preached to the assembled pilgrims, not 

 exactly against the doctrine of indulgences, but against the glaring 

 abuse of them which was being made, exposing the mercenary object 

 of the friar, and laying the blame not on the heads of the church, but 

 on their subordinate agents. Even Faber, vicar of the bishop of Con- 

 stance, was ashamed of Samson, and forbade him, under some alle- 

 gation of informality, to sell his indulgences within his diocese. 

 Bullinger, the rector of Bremgarten, and a friend of Zwingli, refused 

 Samson admittance to his church. The friar however reaped a good 

 harvest at Liizern, Bern, and other places. 



In the mean time Zwingli had been invited by the chapter of the 

 Gros Miinster, or collegiate church of Zurich, to be their preacher, 

 which offer he accepted, on condition that he -should not be expected 

 to preach anything but the word of God as it is in the Scriptures. 

 On Samson making his appearance at Zurich, he found there his old 

 antagonist, and was of course refused admittance. Soon after Samson 

 left Switzerland to return to Milan, carrying with him, according to 

 the account of Stettler, in his Chronicle, about 800,000 crowns. This 

 was in 1519. 



Zwingli, from his opposition to the sale of indulgences, was led to 

 investigate other questionable practices of the Roman Church, as 

 Luther was doing in Germany. He corresponded on these matters 

 with several men of learning in other parts of Switzerland ; Henry 

 Lavit, of Glarus, styled Glareanus ; Kodflin, who Latinised his name 

 into Capito, according to the fashion of the times; Hauscheiu, of 

 Basel, called OScolampadius ; Henry Bullinger, of Bremgarten ; Thomas 

 Wyttenbach, of Bienne ; and Birchthold Haller, of Bern ; all of whom 

 preached against indulgences, and against the multiplicity of external 

 forms in worship. They all insisted upon the propriety of reading 

 prayers in the vernacular language of each country, and they recom- 

 mended that religious instruction should be made clear, intelligible, 

 and accessible to all. By degrees they were led on to gainsay the 

 right assumed by the see of Rome to decide upon all religious and 



