971 



BEHNES, WILLIAM. 



BERNOULLI. 



872 



cessation from service afloat, he was engaged from November 1803 to 

 June 1804 in superintending the construction of a line of telegraphs 

 between Dublin and Gal way. In Juno 1805 he proceeded as com- 

 mander of the Woolwich 44 guns, to the East Indies, and thence to 

 the Rio de la Plata, of which river he made during the campaign of 

 1807 a very valuable survey. He was afterwards stationed at the 

 Cape of Good Hope, and in the Mediterranean. In May 1809 he was 

 appointed to the command of the Blossom, and the following year 

 with the rank of Post Captain to the command of the Fredericksstein 

 frigate. During 1811-12, he was engaged in making a minute survey 

 of the coast of Karamania in Asia Minor, but was compelled in the 

 latter year to return home in consequence of wounds inflicted on 

 him by a fanatic Mussulman. 



In the course of these services Captain Beaufort had obtained a 

 very high rank, as a scientific as well as a brave seaman, and equally 

 so as a hydrographer and geographer. He was now consequently 

 called upon by the Board of Admiralty, to devote himself to working 

 out and embodying in a series of charts, the results of his various 

 surveys. Among other charts constructed by him were one of the 

 Archipelago, three of the Black Sea, including the coast of Asia, and 

 seven of Karamania, these last being accompanied with a ' Memoir of a 

 Survey of the Coast of Karamania in 1811 and 1812.' In 1817 he pub- 

 lished in Svo, a fuller and more elaborate work on the same district : 

 ' Karamania ; or a brief Description of the South Coast of Asia Minor, 

 and of the Remains of Antiquity, &c., with plans, views, &c.' His labours 

 and scientific merits found their appropriate reward in his elevation, 

 in July 1832, to the post of Hydrographer to the Admiralty, to which 

 important office he imparted new houour by the mamit r in which he 

 fulfilled its duties; and which he continued to hold till he retired full 

 of years and honours on the 30th of January 1855, having very nearly 

 completed his 68th year of service. He was succeeded by Captain 

 Washington [WASHINGTON, CAPTAIN JOHN]. In April 1835, Captain 

 Beaufort was appointed Commissioner for inquiry into the Laws, &c. 

 affecting Pilots; and in January 1845 a Commissioner for inquiry into 

 the Harbours, Shores, and Rivers of the United Kingdom. He was 

 created rear-admiral, October the 1st, 1846. 



Admiral Beaufort, besides his memoirs on the coast of Karamania, 

 &<x, has contributed papers to the Geographical and other learned 

 Societies; and the important collection of Maps of the Society for 

 the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was executed under his supervision. 

 He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1814; he is 

 also a Member of the Council of the Geographical Society, a Fellow 

 of the Royal Astronomical Society, a Corresponding Member of the 

 Institute of France, &c. 



* BEHNES, WILLIAM, the eminent English portrait sculptor, was 

 born about the beginning of the present century. He was a student 

 in the Royal Academy, where in 1819 he gained the silver medal for 

 the best model of an academy figure from the life. He early distin- 

 guished himself by his busts, and though he has occasionally executed 

 poetical and classical statues, it is to his portrait busts that his cele- 

 brity is mainly owing. His sitters have included a large number of the 

 most eminent men of the day. Among statesmen and lawyers he has 

 produced busts (some of them of colossal size,) of Wellington and 

 Peel; Lords Eldon, Stowell, and Lyndhurst; Joseph Hume and Ben- 

 jamin Disraeli; Sir William Follett, Sir Frederick Pollock, Sir John 

 Jervis, Sir Fitzroy Kelly ; Sir William Molesworth, Thomas Clarkson, 

 Chevalier Bunsen ; among prelates, of the Archbishops of Canterbury 

 and Armagh, the Bishops of London, Norwich, Llandaff, Carlisle, and 

 Calcutta ; among artists and literary men, of Benjamin West, North- 

 cote, Sir Charles Barry, George Cruikshank, Samuel Rogers, Dr. Croly, 

 George Grote, Macready, Colonel Leake, Sir John Barrow; among 

 surgeons, Earl, Carpue, Travers, Dr. Babington, &c. ; among members 

 of the fashionable world, the Countess of Chesterfield, the Countess of 

 Malmesbury, Count D'Orsay, &c. ; civic dignitaries, as Aldermen 

 Venables, Lucas, Pirie, Moon, &c. Mr. Behnes has likewise executed 

 several important memorial and monumental statues, among others, of 

 Gresham, at the Royal Exchange, of Sir William Follett, of Lord 

 William Bentinck, and the colossal bronze statues of Sir Robert Peel, in 

 Cheapside, London, and at Leeds. Of his imaginative statues it will be 

 enough to mention his ' Lady Godiva,' 1844; 'Europa,' 1848; and 

 ' The Startled Nymph,' 1849. Mr. Behnes may be safely placed at the 

 head of living portrait-sculptors at least as far as regards busts. His 

 style is bold and masculine, his execution is generally admirable. 

 Whilst giving the characteristic likeness, he is happy in preserving 

 the more intellectual expression of the sitters, and to his chisel pos- 

 terity will owe the permanent record of the happiest likeness of 

 several of the most distinguished men of the last and present gene- 

 rations. 



* BENEDICT, JULES, one of the most distinguished foreign 

 musical composers who have devoted their genius chiefly to the 

 English stage, was born at Stuttgart in 1805. After having begun his 

 studies under Hummel, he received instructions from Weber, and 

 became a favourite pupil of the author of the ' Freischiitz.' At nine- 

 teen, he was, on Weber's recommendation, engaged as conductor of the 

 German opera at Vienna; and afterwards employed in a similar 

 capacity at the two principal theatres (the San Carlo and the Fondo) 

 of Naples. He came to London in 1835 ; and his first occupation was 

 to conduct the performances of an Opera Buffa carried on for two 



seasons at the Lyceum by Mr. Mitchell of Bond-street. His first 

 English opera, ' The Gipsey's Warning," was produced at Drury Lane in 

 1838, and immediately gained great popularity, not only in this 

 country, but in Germany. His subsequent operas, ' The Brides of 

 Venice,' and ' The Crusaders,' also brought out at Drury Lane, while 

 that theatre was managed by Mr. Bunn, had great and deserved success. 

 Benedict is an accomplished master of the pianoforte, for which 

 instrument he is a prolific and favourite composer. He has resided 

 constantly in London ever since his first arrival more than twenty 

 years ago, and holds a very high position among us, being intrusted 

 with the direction of many of the principal concerts and musical 

 performances, both in London and the provinces. 



* BENNETT, WILLIAM STERNDALE, a composer and pianist of 

 the highest eminence, was born at Sheffield in 1816. Hia father, 

 Robert Bennett, was organist of the principal church of that town. 

 Left an orphan in infancy by the death of both his parents, young 

 Bennett, at eight years old, was placed by his grandfather, a lay-clerk 

 in the University of Cambridge, as a chorister in the choir of King's 

 College. He afterwards became a student in the lloval Academy of 

 Music, where he received instructions in composition from the cele- 

 brated Dr. Crotch, and on the pianoforte from Mr. Holmes and Mr. 

 Cipriani Potter. He had already distinguished himself, both as a 

 composer and pianist, when he formed that intimate friendship with 

 Mendelssohn which had so great an influence on his subsequent 

 progress in his art. In 1836, by Mendelssohn's invitation, he went to 

 Leipsic, where the famous Gewandhaus concerts were then directed by 

 the illustrious composer. At those concerts several of Bennett's 

 orchestral and pianoforte works were performed; and their success 

 laid the foundation of that reputation which he iiow enjoys in Ger- 

 many. During the last twenty years he has gained the highest 

 honours and most solid fruits of <his profession, as a compo>er, a 

 performer, and an instructor. His published works are numerous; 

 consisting of orchestral overtures, concertos, sonatas, and studies for 

 the pianoforte, and songs, duets, and other vocal pieces. In 1856, on 

 the death of the late Dr. Walmisley, he was elected Professor of Music 

 in the University of Cambridge, aud likewise received the degree of 

 Doctor of Music. Having a due sense of the importance and respon- 

 sibility of his office, he has already given a fresh impulse to the 

 cultivation of music in that university, and his future labours promise 

 material effects on that art as a subject of academic tuition. Dr. 

 Bennett is also one of the Professors of the Royal Academy of Music, 

 and conductor of the orchestra of the Philharmonic Society, in which 

 last capacity he has conduced greatly to the prosperity of that cele- 

 brated body, whose concerts, for half a century, have been renowned 

 throughout Europe. 



BERNOULLI, the name of a family which is known in the history 

 of mathematics by the services of eight of its members. These are 

 not all of equal, or nearly equal celebrity ; but it is necessary to notice 

 each, not only to enable the reader to avoid the confusion which so 

 large a number of similar names has introduced into historical writings, 

 but also because a moderate degree of reputation becomes remark- 

 able, when it forms part of so conspicuous a mass. The Cassinis (of 

 whom four are well known in astronomy) present a similar phenome- 

 non in the history of knowledge. 



The family of the Bernoullis is said to have originally belonged to 

 Antwerp, and to have emigrated to Frankfort to avoid the religious 

 persecution under the Duke of Alva; it finally settled at Basel. 

 Nicolas Bernoulli, the immediate ancestor of the subjects of this 

 notice, held a high station in that republic, and was succeeded in it 

 by a son, now unknown. He had eleven children, of whom two are 

 the most distinguished of the eight Bernoullis, and another, whose 

 name we cannot find, was the father of a third. But the whole con- 

 nexion will be better understood by the following genealogical dia- 

 gram, which includes the common ancestor and the eight descendants 

 in question. The years of birth and death are added : 

 NICOLAS. 

 I 



JAMES I. 

 1654-1705. 



JOHN I. 

 1667-1748. 



NICOLAS II. 

 1695-1726. 



DANIEL. 

 1700-1782. 



JOHN II.. 

 1710-1790. 



Son (name unknown) 



NICOLAS I. 

 1687-1759. 



JOHN III. 

 1744-1807. 



JAM KS II. 

 1759-17.VJ. 



However distinguished these men may be, the events of their livea 

 are of comparatively little interest, except as countcted with the his- 

 tory of the sciences which they cultivated; and of their works it 

 would be impossible to treat to an extent corresponding to their 

 reputation or utility, without writing the history of mathematics for 

 a century. We shall therefore here confine ourselves 1. To the 

 principal events of their lives. 2. To the mention of such of their 

 researches as are most connected with their personal characters. 3. 

 To a very short account of the position which their labours occupy in 

 the chain of investigation. 



