887 



CATHCABT, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR GEORGE. 



CRAWFORD, THOMAS. 



088 



possessing something of a literature, and capable, through its intimate 

 relation to the Sanscrit, of becoming a refined and comprehensive 

 vehicle for the diffusion of sound knowledge and religious truth." 

 Some of the works here referred to were of great extent ; the Sanscrit 

 grammar, for example, comprising upwards of 1000 quarto pages, aud 

 the Bengali and English Dictionary, published in 1815 an<i 1825, in 

 three volumes, upwards of 2000 quarto pages, and about 80,000 words. 

 An abridgment of the latter work, prepared by Dr. Marehman under 

 the supervision of Dr. Carey himself, was published in 1827 in one 

 thick octavo volume. One of the extensive literary productions of 

 the Serampore pre^s was ' The Rdmdyaua of Valmeeki, in the original 

 Sanscrit, with a Prose Translation, and Explanatory Notes,' edited 

 by Drs. Carey and Marsh man, of which four quarto volumes were pub- 

 lished, in 1806 and subsequent years, under the sanction of the 

 Asiatic Society and the Council of Fort William College, but which, 

 unfortunately, was never completed. 



It may, at first sight, excite some surprise that the Serampore mis- 

 sionaries should, in some instances, have issued translations in lan- 

 guages or dialects with which none of them were fully acquainted. 

 " In this department," observes Mr. Wilson in explanation, " Dr. 

 Carey took a leading part, and it was in connexion especially with his 

 duty of revising the different translations that he added to his great 

 proficiency in Sanscrit and Bengali, a knowledge of those dialects 

 whose elements he first investigated." "Possessed in this way," he 

 states, "of at least six different dialects, and of Sanscrit, the parent of 

 the whole family, and endowed with a genius for philological investi- 

 gation, Dr. Carey was peculiarly qualified to superintend the transla- 

 tion of the Scriptures into a number of cognate languages ; and it may 

 be granted that, in combination with his coils-agues, he carried the 

 project to as successful an issue as could be expected from the bounded 

 faculties of man." 



CATHCART, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL THE HON. SIR GEORGE, 

 K.C.B., was born in London on the 12th of May 1784, the third son 

 of William Shaw, the first Earl Cathcart. He was educated at Eton, 

 and at the University of Edinburgh; aud in 1810 he begun his mili- 

 tary life by joining the 2nd Life Guards. In 1812, by which time he 

 had been promoted to a lieutenancy, he accompanied as aide-de-carnp 

 his father, who was sent as plenipotentiary to Russia. When they 

 arrived the French were in possession of Moscow, and when the 

 Emperor Alexander took the field in person in 1813, Lieutenant Cath- 

 cart joined the imperial army. He was with the grand army through- 

 out the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, witnessed the battles of Lutzen 

 and Bautzen, thoss of Dresden and Leipzig, of Brienne, Bar-sur-Aube, 

 Arcis-sur-Aube, and the taking of Paris. Of these campaigns, and 

 more particularly of the strategy of Napoleon I. as displayed in the 

 battles, he published a volume of Commentaries in 1850, from the 

 facts noted at the time, accompanied with diagrams showing the 

 position of the armies, with their movements. It is a valuable work ; 

 additional interest being given to it by an introduction explaining 

 the different military systems of the Allied Powers, as well as of the 

 French, and displaying the effects of national character under the 

 different circumstances of attack aud defence. In 1814 he again 

 accompanied his father, who was one of the three plenipotentiaries 

 sent to Vienna. On the return of Napoleon from Elba he was 

 appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and was present at 

 Quatre Bras and Waterloo. He was continued in the appointment 

 when the Duke became master-general of the Ordnance, and accom- 

 panied him on his mission to Aix-la-Chapelle, Verona, and Berlin. In 

 1828 he had arrived at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and served for 

 about eight years in Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Jamaica. t In 1834 he 

 retired on half-pay ; but in 1837 was recalled into active service on 

 account of the outbreak in Canada, where he proved himself an active 

 and efficient officer. After serving there for more than six years he 

 returned home, and again retired on half-pay in 1844. In 1846 he 

 was made Deputy-Lieutenant of the Tower, an office which he held 

 till 1852, when he accepted the governorship of the Cape of Good 

 Hope, with the command of the forces, and brought the Kaffir insur- 

 rection to a successful termination. On his return to England he was 

 immediately sent as General of Division to the Crimea, where much 

 was expected from a man so thoroughly acquainted with the prac- 

 tice and science of his profession. He however had short time to 

 display his capabilities. In the battle of Inkermann, on the 5th of 

 November 1854, where he displayed the most heroic bravery, but in 

 which the attack ho made on the left was met by a force so superior 

 that it failed in the desired effect, he fell, together with the other 

 leading chiefs. He was buried on the spot Cathcart's Hill with 

 eleven other officers who had fallen. 



CERVANTES. [SAAVBEDRA, vol. v., col. 223.] 



*CHASLES, VICIOR-EUPHEMION-PHILARETE, has an espe 

 cial claim to a place in an English Cyclopaedia of Biography, as the 

 French writer who has done most to familiarise his countrymen with 

 the spirit and purpose of our current English literature. He was 

 born at Maiuvilliers, near Chartrt-s, on the 8th of October 17l>7, 

 received the usual school education, and at the age of fifteen was 

 placed in a printing-office in Paris. Becoming implicated with his 

 master in some of the many political disturbances of 1815, he was 

 arrested, but, after an imprisonment of about two months, was set at 

 liberty by the intervention of Chateaubriand. He now came to Lon- 



don to complete his apprenticeship, and entered the office of Mr. 

 Valpy, who employed him on his editions of the classics. During the 

 seven years he remained in London he made himself colloquially 

 familiar with the English language, and obtained a considerable 

 acquaintance with English literature. On leaving England he pro- 

 ceeded to Germany aud the north of Europe. Returning to France, 

 he became secretary to M. Jouy, and has since devoted himself with 

 unflagging industry to literature. For the most part, hU writings have 

 in the first instance appeared in periodical works ; but many of his 

 essays have been revised or recast, and published in a separate form. 

 His contributions have chiefly, though far from exclusively, related to 

 English and German literature, on which he has come to be regarded 

 as a leading authority by his countrymen ; and his eminence in this 

 department led to his appointment as professor of foreign literature in 

 the College de France, and an assistant librarian in the Mazarine 

 Library. M. Philarete Chasles is a clear, vigorous, and lively writer, 

 a shrewd observer of our manners, and a fair as well as a clever 

 critic of our literature. His minutely accurate acquaintance with our 

 language is very remarkable for a French litterateur. Not only is he , 

 well versed in its mutations, but he writes it with ease and correct- 

 ness, and catches readily our current vernacular, down to its latest and 

 most fugitive additions. His principal essays have appeared in the 

 ' Revue des Deux Mondes/ and in the ' Journal des Debats,' but he 

 has been the chief contributor of ' redactions ' of leading English 

 review articles to the ' Revue Brit:mnique,' and he has furnished many 

 introductions to translations of English and German authors, as well 

 aa translating some himself. It ought also to be noticed that he has 

 occasionally contributed admirably written papers in the English lan- 

 guage to English journals; and he has carried on an extensive literary 

 correspondence with literary men in England, America, Germany, and 

 the northern countries. His chief separate work (as already noticed, 

 a recasting of essays contributed to periodical publications) is his 

 'Etudes de litte'rature compare'es,' in 12 vols., comprising 'Etudes sur 

 1'AntiquiteY 1 vol.; 'sur le moyen age,' 1 vol.; 'sur le XVle siecle 

 en France,' 1 vol.; 'sur 1'Espagne,' 1vol.; 'sur la revolution d'An- 

 gleterre au XVIIe siecle. Cromwell, sa vie privee,' &c., 1 vol. : ' sur 

 le XVIIIe siecle en Angleterre,' 2 vols.; 'sur la litterature, et les 

 moeurs de 1' Angleterre au XIXe siecle,' 1 vol. ; ' sur la litte'rature et 

 les mceurs des Anglo-Americains au XIXe siecle,' 1 vol. ; ' sur les 

 homines et les moeurs au XIXe siecle/ 1 vol. ; ' sur Shakspeare, 

 Marie Stuart, et 1'Ar^tin,' 1 vol. ; ' sur 1'Angleterre au XIXe siecle,' 

 1 vol. He has also written ' Caracteres, et Paysages ; ' ' Charles I., sa 

 cour, son peuple, et son parlement; ' and ' Tableau de la litte'rature au 

 XVle siecle.' (Nouv. Biog. Qentrale ; tudes, <kc.) 



COOKE, W. F. [WHEATSTONE, PROF., SuppL] 



* COSTA, MICHAEL, an eminent Italian musician, was born at 

 Naples about the year 1810, and educated at the great Conservatorio 

 of that city, receiving instruction from its celebrated director, Zinga- 

 relli. He came to England about 1830, and first became known to the 

 public in the capacity of director of the music at the Italian Opera, 

 then the King's Theatre, under the management of M. Laporte. He 

 held that office till the foundation of the Royal Italian Opera at Covent 

 Garden Theatre in 1847, when he was appointed to a similar situation in 

 that establishment, which he still holds. In 1845 he was chosen con. 

 ductor of the orchestra of the Philharmonic Society ; and about the 

 same time the Sacred Harmonic Society placed him at the head of their 

 immense choral and instrumental band in Exeter Hall. His skill and 

 energy have greatly contributed to the prosperity of the Sacred Har- 

 monic Society ; and the oratorios performed at Exeter Hall under his 

 direction are admitted, for magnitude and grandeur, to be unrivalled 

 in the world. Since 1849 he has conducted the performance of the 

 Binnin. ham Festival, the greatest provincial music-meeting iu the 

 kingdom. Costa's arduous professional labours have interfered with 

 his pursuits as a composer. He has however composed various works 

 of genius, and his latest and greatest production, the oratorio of ' Eli,' 

 first performed at the Birmingham Festival of 1855, has, among the 

 oratorios of the present age, achieved a success inferior only to that 

 of the chefs-d'ceuvre of Spohr and Mendelssohn. 



CRAWFORD, THOMAS, an eminent American sculptor, was born 

 at New York on the 22nd of March 1813. At school he obtained some 

 acquaintance with Greek and Latin literature, but, as is frequently the 

 case with youths in his country, he seems to have been allowed in 

 early life to follow very much his own course. Like Chautrey his 

 earliest instructor in the use of the chisel was a carver in wood. 

 Whilst with him however his strong desire for higher training began 

 to develope itself. He formed a collection of casts of ancient and 

 modern works of a high class, and he learnt to model iu clay. At 

 length he was placed as a pupil under Messrs. Frazee and Launitz, and 

 entered as a student the Academy of Design in New York. Mr. Lau- 

 nitz urged him to proceed to Rome, and gave him a letter of intro- 

 duction to Thorwaldseu. Accordingly he proceeded to Italy in 1834, 

 and was received into the studio of Thorwaldsen, to whose friendship 

 he was greatly indebted. Thrown by the death of his father on his own 

 resources, he for some time supported himself by making busts. The 

 first poetic work of his which attracted particular attention, was the 

 statue of Orpheus, designed in 1839, but which he was compelled to leave 

 unfinished by an attack of brain-fever, the precursor of his premature 

 fate. On his recovery he completed the Orpheus in marble, a commission 





