993 



EDWARDS, HENRI-MILNE. 



GAYANGOS, PASCUAL DE. 



994 



beautiful branch of physical investigation;" and his recognition of 

 what he termed " the law of rotation " in both hemispheres, and 

 which, in the words of Humboldt, he showed to be " the cause of 

 many irnportaut processes and extensive movements in the aerial 

 ocean." 



Professor Dove hns published many of his investigations and dis- 

 coveries in the Transactions (Abhandlungen) of the Berlin Academy of 

 Sciences, and in Poggendorf 's ' Annalen.' Among the more important 

 of his separate works may be named his ' Uber Mass und Messen,' 2nd 

 ed, 1833; ' Meteorologische Uutersuchungen,' 1837; Ober die nicht 

 periodischen Anderungen dor Temperaturvertheiluiig auf der ober- 

 fliiche der Erde,' 4 parts, 1840-7; ' Untersuchungen iin' Gebiete der 

 Inductions elektricitat,' 1843; 'Uber den Zusamtuenharig der War- 

 meveranderun>en der Atmosphiire mit der Eutwickelung der Pflanzen,' 

 1846; 'Temperaturtafeln/1848 : ' Monatsisothermen,' 1850 ; ' Bericht 

 iiber die 1848 und 1849 auf den stationen des meteorologischeu Insti- 

 tute im preussischen Staato angestellten Eeobachtungen,' 1851 ; ' Wit- 

 terungageschichte, 1840 bis 1850,' 1853 ; ' Darstellung der Farbenlehre 

 und optische Studien,' 1853; ' Isothermes,' 2nd ed., 1853 ; ' Verbreitung 

 der Wiirme in der Nordlichen Hemisphiire,' 2 Maps, 1855; 'Darstel- 

 lung der Wiirme-Erscheinungen durch funftiigige Mittel v. 1782-1855,' 

 1856. For a wider circle of readers he prepared his more popular 

 works, 'Die Witterungsverhaltnisse von Berlin,' 1842, in which he 

 has given in a lively yet perfectly lucid manner, a systematic view of 

 meteorological phenomena; bis 'liber Wirkungen aus der Feme,' 

 1845; aud his 'Uber Elektricitat,' 1848. He has also edited the 

 periodical work, ' Repertoriura der Physik,' 8 vols., 1836-49. Pro- 

 fessor Dove is a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, 

 which learned body has awarded him their Copley medal for his 

 researches in meteorology. 



* ED WARDS, HENRI-MILNE, or MILNE-EDWARDS, a distin- 

 guished naturalist and professor of zoology in the Faculty of Sciences 

 at Paris, was born at Bruges in 1800. His father was an Englishman, 

 who had settled in the West Indies, where his eldest brother William 

 Frederic, distinguished as a physiologist, was born. He is well known 

 for an ' Essay on the Physical Agents which affect Life,' and other 

 works. Milne-Edwards was educated for the medical profession, and 

 took his degree as Doctor of Medicine in Paris. One of his first pub- 

 lications was entitled ' Manuel de Matiere Me*rlicale.' It contained an 

 abridged description of medicines, the botanical character of medical 

 plants, and an account of the medicines found in the various Pharma- 

 copoeias. It was published in 1825. The following year he also published 

 a 'Manual of Surgical Anatomy' containing an anatomical description 

 of the human body divided into regions, and an account of the various 

 diseases to which the organs of the body are liable. His medical studies 

 led him to the pursuit of natural history, and in 1832, in conjunction 

 with Jean-Victor Audouiu [AUDOUIN], he published a work on the 

 natural history of the coasts of France. This work was published in 

 two volumes, and illustrated with numerous plates. His next work, 

 and that on which his great reputation as a naturalist principally rests, 

 was devoted to the family of Crustacea, which includes the lobster, 

 crab, and shrimp. He studied the anatomy of these animals most 

 profoundly, devised a new nomenclature for their parts, and added a 

 large number of new species to the family. It appeared in the series 

 of works entitled 'Suites a Bufibn,' and was comprised in three volumes 

 published from 1834 to 1841. In 1840 he commenced the publi- 

 cation of his ' Elements of Zoology,' which appeared in four volumes, 

 with 600 illustrations. This work was one of the most acceptable 

 that had hitherto been published with a view of popularising the 

 existing knowledge of geology. It has been succeeded by several 

 similar works both in the German and English languages. A smaller 

 work was also published under the title of ' Cours ele'mentaire de 

 Zoologie,' in 1841, which has been translated into English. In the 

 same year he also published his observations on the compound 

 Ascidian Mollusca. This work was beautifully illustrated, and threw 

 much light on the structure aud physiology of this branch of the 

 animal kingdom. He has also devoted attention to the study of the 

 polyps. He was the first to suggest the classification of the ascidan 

 polyps with the mollusca. He has published a work on the anatomy, 

 physiology, and arrangement of the recent forms of polyps. He has 

 also contributed one of the most complete monographs on extinct 

 polyps to the publications of the English Palffioutographical Society. 

 His contributions to the periodical literature of France on various 

 zoological subjects have been very numerous. He is one of the 

 editor's of the 'Anuales des Sciences Natuielles.' He wrote the 'Re- 

 sume' dVntornologie' for the ' Eneyclope'die portative,' and has written 

 the articles ' Infusoires,' ' Polypies,' ' Zoophyts/ ' Insects,' ' Arachnids,' 

 ' Cru8tace"es,' 'Annelids,' ' Cirripeds,' for the ' Histoire Naturelle des 

 Animaux sans vertebres' of Lamarck. Milne-Edwards is well known 

 in England, and received a medal from the Royal Society for his 

 scientific researches in 1856. 



* FARR, WILLIAM, M.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Statistical 

 Department in the General Register Office, was born at Kenley in 

 Shropshire, on the 30th of November, 1807. From the age of two 



BIOG. DIV. VOL VI. 



years he was educated by Joseph Price, Esq., at Dorrington, near 

 Shrewsbury, his early studies being directed by the Rev. J. J. Beyuon. 

 In May 1826 he became the pupil of T. Sutton, Esq., surgeon at the 

 Salop Infirmary ; and at the same time he became the private pupil of 

 Dr. J. Webster, a young physician of eminent talent, with whom he 

 read the medical and scientific classics of the day. This course of 

 study he continued for three years. In May 1829 he went to Paris, 

 and entered as a student in the university of that city, where he 

 remained for two years. 



Here he had the advantage of hearing Orfila, Louis, Dupuytren, and 

 Lisfranca lecture on various branches of medical science ; Andral, on 

 hygiene ; Gay Lussac and Thenard, on chemistry ; Pouillet, on natural 

 philosophy ; Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Dumeril, and Blainville, on compara- 

 tive anatomy and physiology ; Cuvier, on the history of the natural 

 sciences ; and Guizot and Villemain, on history and literature ; and here 

 it was, in all probability, that his mind received its decided bent towards 

 the study of hygiene and medical statistics. After the revolution 

 which placed Louis-Philippe on the throne, Mr. Farr travelled through 

 Switzerland. On returning to London in 1831 he entered the Univer- 

 sity of London (now University College), and during two years 

 attended the lectures of Grant, Carswell, Turner, Elliotson, and other 

 eminent professors of that flourishing medical school. He then filled 

 for six months the office of house surgeon at the Shrewsbury Infirmary, 

 when he returned to London and commenced practising and teaching. 

 He devoted his chief attention to medical statistics ; and he attempted 

 to establish a course of lectures on Hygiology, but failed lectures 

 on public health not being recognised by any of the public licensing 

 bodies in the United Kingdom. He also edited the 'Medical Annual,' 

 wrote for the medical journals, and edited, in conjunction with his 

 friend Dr. R. Dundas Thompson, the ' British Annals of Medicine ' in 

 1837. 



In that year Dr. Farr wrote the article ' Vital Statistics ' in 

 M'Culloch's ' Statistics of the British Empire/ and from that time, 

 fully recognising to use bis own words " the magnitude of tho 

 subject, and the fact that more than a million of tho inhabitants of 

 the United Kingdom are disabled by disease and suffering is of less 

 importance than the consideration that their condition may be ame- 

 liorated to an immeasurable extent " ('Vital Stat.,' vol. ii., p. 568) he 

 devoted all his energies to the improvement of the public health, 

 The registration of all the deaths, and of the causes of death, in 

 England, was commenced in 1837 ; and in 1838 Dr. Farr received, at 

 the instance of Sir James Clark, Mr. M'Culloch, and Mr. Lister, the first 

 registrar-general, an appointment in the General Register Office. He 

 has since that year been made by Mr. Graham, the second registrar- 

 general, superintendent of a statistical department, consisting of 

 several able men, by whom have been drawn up the new 'London 

 Tables of Mortality,' the ' Quarterly Returns of Births, Deaths, and 

 Marriages,' and the ' Annual Abstracts.' He has framed a new ' Statis- 

 tical Nosology,' an English Life-Table, constructed with calculations of 

 the duration of life, and of the Values of Annuities on Lives; and he 

 has written annual reports on the causes of death, papers on the 

 ' Finance of Life Assurance ' and on the 'locome Tax,' Reports on the 

 Public Health, and an elaborate Report on Cholera in England, showing 

 under what circumstances that epidemic is fatal, and that it is regu- 

 lated in its ravages by definite laws. The value of his labours in thi 

 most important department it would be difficult to over-estimate. To 

 his admirable reports is in a great measure due the hold which the 

 question of public health, as a matter for practical and scientific con- 

 sideration, has taken upon the public mind. To the inquiry he has 

 imparted precision of aim, and, besides himself largely contributing 

 to the accumulation of materials, and the inductive reasoning upon 

 them, he may be fairly s;<id to have laid a scientific basis for future 

 investigators. 



With Mr. Horace Mann, Dr. Farr was appointed one of the assistant 

 commissioners to the Registrar-General in taking the census of Great 

 Britain in 1851. The Registrar-General, it is understood, presided 

 specially over the Administrative Department, and Mr. Horace Mann 

 reported on the state of Religious Worship and Education : Dr. Farr 

 wrote the valuable and curiously-interesting Reports on the Numbers, 

 Ages, Occupations, Birthplaces, and Conjugal Condition of the Popu- 

 lation. 



Dr. Farr has received an honorary degree from the University of 

 New York, is a fellow and the treasurer of the Statistical Society of 

 London, a fellow of the Royal Society, &c. 



* GAYANGOS, PASCUAL DE, is a name respecting which some 

 additional authentic information has been obtained since the appear- 

 ance of the article in the body of the work. [GAYANGOS.] This dis- 

 tinguished scholar was born at Seville on the 9th of June, 1809. His 

 father, then a colonel of artillery, afterwards became a general of 

 division, and governor first of Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, and 

 afterwards of Mtrida de Yucatan ; his mother was a French lady of 

 the family of De Retz. After receiving part of his education at the 

 village of Pontlevoy, near Blois, he commenced the study of Arabic by 

 attending the lectures of Silveatre de Sacy at Paris. He first came to 

 England in 1828, aud in 1829 married an English lady, the eldest 

 daughter of Major Revell of Rouadoak, near Egham. Of late years 



3 s 



