1001 



HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER. 



HAMMER-PURGSTALL, BARON VON. 



1002 



In 1786 he settled at the family residence at Airthrey, near Stirling, 

 arid for several years paid assiduous attention to the improvement of 

 his estates, hi* successful efforts iu landscape gardening attracting par- 

 ticular atteutiou, aud stimulating other landed proprietors to the 

 adoption of similar plans. Robert Haldane, aud hia younger brother 

 [HAT/DANE, JAMKS A.] were about the same period led to turn their 

 thoughts to the paramount importance of personal religion, aud the 

 duty of diffusing the knowledge of it. The operations of the SSeratn- 

 pore mission becomiug known to him, Robert determined to make an 

 effort for the religious instruction of India, and sold the greater part 

 of his estate for thu purpose of obtaining funds. Permission could not 

 be obtained however from the East India Company and the govern- 

 ment, and the scheme was necessarily abandoned. The brothers now 

 turned their attention to the state of religion in Scotland, aud origin- 

 ated measures for the extension of religious instruction by means of 

 itinerant pivacbiug, Sabbath s.;hoolt>, tract distribution, &c. In these 

 plans they had the co-operation of the celebrated Rowland Hill and 

 the Rev. C. Simeon of Cambridge. On the Calton Hill at Edinburgh, 

 Rowland Hill had on eome occasions a congregation of 20,000 

 persons. These measures met with much opposition from the Estab- 

 lished and Dissenting Churches in Scotland, but eventually tissued in 

 the formation of the Scottish Congregational Union, and likewise, in 

 consequence of differences which arose, gave rise to the formation of 

 several Baptist churches in various parts of the country. Mr. 

 Haldaue likewise took an active part with Mr. Zachary Macaulay in a 

 scheme which was set on foot for bringing over from Sierra Leone the 

 children of African chiefs to be educated in this country. In 1809 

 Mr. Haldane purchased the estata of Auchiugray in Lanarkshire, 

 which was subsequently his principal place of residence. In 1816 he 

 published a woik on the ' Evidences and Authority of Divine Revela- 

 tion,' which passed through several editions. The winter of 1816-17 

 was spent by him in Geneva, and the following two years at Montau- 

 ban, the seat of the seminary for training French Protestant 

 ministers. At these places, by his private meetings for exposition of the 

 Scriptures, his conversation with ministers and students, by the publi- 

 cation of tracts aud treatises, and by judicious counsel and liberal pecu- 

 niary aid, he originated that revival of religion which issued in the 

 formation of the modern evangelical school of Geneva, and the exten- 

 sion of Protestant Evangelism iu various parts of France. The formation 

 of the Continental Society, and similar religious associations on the 

 Continent, the extensive employment of colporteurs, who in selling 

 Bibles and other religious works have taken religious truth into almost 

 every nook and corner of Continental countries, may all be traced 

 more or less directly to Mr. Haldane's operations in 1816 19. Among 

 his pupils at Geneva were Gaussen, Merle D'Aubigne, Malan, Monod, 

 and other names subsequently known for zealous and successful 

 efforts in extending the new Reformation. After his return home 

 Mr. Haldane continued to manifest a deep interest in various religious 

 efforts at home and abroad. He took a decided stand in opposition to 

 the circulation of the apocrypha under the sanction of the British and 

 Foreign Bible Society. He died at Edinburgh on the 12th of December 

 1842, and was buried within one of the aisles of the Cathedral church 

 of Glasgow. He published a treatise on the Plenary Inspiration of 

 the Scriptures, of which seven editions were published. His most 

 important production was an ' Exposition of the Epistle to the Ro- 

 mans/ in 3 void., of which also seven editions have appeared. 



HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER, son of Captain James Haldane 

 of Gleneagles, was born at Dundee, on the 14th of July 1768, within a 

 fortnight after his father's death. In many respects his career was a 

 counterpart of that of his elder brother Robert. In 1777 he accom- 

 panied his brother to the High School of Edinburgh, and subsequently 

 pursued hia studies at the university. Declining a partnership which 

 was offered him iu connection with Messrs Coutts's Bank, London, he 

 entered in 1785 the East India Company's naval service. In 1793 he 

 obtained the command of the Melville Castle East Indiaman. In Sep- 

 tember of that year he married the only daughter of Major Joass 

 of Culleonard in the county of Banff. At the close of this year he 

 succeeded by his courage and presence of mind in quelling a mutiny 

 which broke out in a ship which lay near the Melville Castle, in 

 Portsmouth Harbour, and which was beginning to assume an alurmijg 

 appearance. His views on religious matters becoming more decided, 

 he at length resolved on retiring from the sea. Early in 1794 he 

 rejoined his wife in Scotland. Soon afterwards he took up his resi- 

 dence in Edinburgh, and manifested a deep interest in various efforts 

 for the religious instruction of the people. He took a leading part in 

 the preaching tours which were undertaken through various parts of 

 Scotland, iu the establishment of Sunday schools, and other Christian 

 efforts. In December 1797, the Society for Propagating the Gospel 

 at Home was instituted. In February 1799 Mr. James Haldane be- 

 came the first pastor of the Tabernacle or Circus Church. In May 

 1801 the congregation removed to a new Tabernacle, built at the head 

 of Leith Walk, at the entire cost of Mr. Robert Haldane. In 1808 

 Mr. James Haldane having changed his views with respect to Infant 

 Baptism, although he left the communion open to parties who 

 might differ in their views of this question, many of the members of 

 his church left. Mr. Haldane continued minister here till his death, 

 which took place on the 8th of February 1851. Mr. Haldaue pub- 

 lished numerous pamphlets on subjects which at the time excited 



attention in the religious world. Among his larger treatises may be 

 named his works on ' The Doctrine of the Atonement; ' ' On Christian 

 Union ; ' his ' Exposition of the Epistle to the Galatians ; ' aud ' Views 

 of Social Worship.' Some of his pamphlets were directed against the 

 opinions of the Irviugites. 



* HALEVY, FROMENTHAL, a French dramatic composer, was 

 born about the year 1810. He was educated at the Conservatoire de 

 Paris, when Cherubini was at its head, and was a special and favourite 

 pupil of that illustrious musician. He is the author of a number of 

 operas, particularly ' Guido et Ginevra,' ' Lea Mousquetaires de la 

 Heine,' ' La Fe"e aux Roses,' ' Le Val d'Andorre,' j.n 1 some others, 

 which do honour to the modern French school. In 1851 'La Tern- 

 pesta,' an Italian opera, founded on Shakspere's ' Tempest,' the poem 

 by Scribe (originally written in French, and translated into Italian), 

 and the music by Halo'vy, was produced at Her Majesty's Theatre with 

 no great success; for, although the music met with deserved admira- 

 tion, yet the strange liberties taken by the Parisian dramatist with 

 Shakspere's text were by no means to the taste of the English 

 public. 



HAMMER-PURGSTALL, JOSEPH, BARON VON, was born in 

 1774 at Griitz in Styria, where his father held a respectable post under 

 the Austrian government. He was educated at Vienna, and in 1788 

 removed to the Oriental academy established by Prince Kauuitz. 

 After having taken a part in the compilation of Menin^ki's Arabian, 

 Persian, and Turkish Lexicon, he was appointed iu 1796 secretary to 

 the Baron von Jeuisch, the reporter to the Oriental section in the 

 ministry for foreign affairs. While in this employment he translated 

 a Turkish poem on the Last Judgment, and supplied several other 

 poems to Wieland's ' Deutscheu Mercur.' In 1799 he was attached 

 to the embassy of the learned Baron von Herbert at Constantinople, 

 who sent him with one of the imperial consuls on an important 

 errand to Egypt, where he procured for the imperial library some 

 mummies of the ibis, hieroglyphic stones from the catacombs at 

 Sakkara, several Arabian manuscripts, and other rarities. As inter- 

 preter and secretary ha made the campaigu in Egypt under Hutchin- 

 son, Sir Sidney Smith, and Jussuf Pacha, against Menou, and in the 

 autumn of 1S01 proceeded by Malta and Gibraltar to England. After 

 his ivturu to Vienna in April 1802, he accompanied, iu August, the 

 Austrian ambassador, the Baron von Sturmer, as secretary of legation 

 to Constantinople. In 1806 he was appointed consular- agent in Mol- 

 davia. In 1807 he returned to Vienna; in 1811 he was made a state 

 counsellor, and appointed court and state interpreter; in 1817 pro- 

 moted to be imperial privy counsellor; and iu 1845 created a baron, 

 after having succeeded to the estates of the Countess von Purgstall. 

 In 1815 he had occupied himself earnestly in procuring the restoration 

 of the Oriental manuscripts and other treasures which had been 

 removed from the Vienna library to Paris by Deuou, during the 

 occupation of Vienna by the French in 1809. In 1847, continuing 

 to be in the active service of the department of foreign affairs as 

 counsellor extraordinary, he was chosen president of the newiy-insti- 

 tuted academy, which he resigned, after holding the office for two 

 years. His intervals of leisure from business were spent at his castle 

 of Hainfeld in Styria, where he laboured on his very numerous lite- 

 rary works, and where he died on November 21, 1856. His works are 

 extremely numerous, and those of a historical character highly 

 valuable. His publications of Turkish, Arabian, and Persian poema 

 are in many instances interesting to the general reader, but his philo- 

 logical knowledge was not sufficiently exact to enable him to render 

 them satisfactory to the student. Among the more noticeable of his 

 historical works are 'The Trumpet of the Holy War,' 1806; 'The 

 Constitution and Government of the Ottoman State,' 1816; 'Glances 

 upon a Journey in 1804 from Constantinople to Broussa and Olympus, 

 and thence back by Nicsca and Nicomedia,' 1818: 'History of the 

 Assassins, from Eastern Sources,' 1818, a work which has been trans- 

 lated into English by Mr. Wood ; ' Constantinople and the Bosphorus, 

 topographically and historically described/ 1821; ' Codices arab., pers., 

 turk., bibliothecfe caes.,' 1822; ' History of the Ottoman Empire/ in 

 ten volumes, 1827-1834, an excellent work, of which several editions 

 have been published; 'The Government under the Khalifats/ 1835 ; 

 'Picture Gallery of the great Mussulman Commanders, with Memoirs,' 

 in six volumes, 1837-39 ; 'History of the Golden Horde of Kiptschak, 

 that is, of the Mongols in Russia/ 1840; ' History of the Ilkhane, that 

 is, of the Mongols in Persia/ 1842-44 : all these contain a vast collec- 

 tion of materials relating to the history aud present state of the East. 

 Of his other productions we may mention, ' Schirin,' a Persian poem, 

 1800 ; his translation of the 'Divan ' of llalix, from the Persian, 1813 ; 

 his ' History of the Literature of Persia, with specimens from 700 

 poets/ 1818; 'The Eastern Trefoil/ from Persian, Arabian, and 

 Turkish sources, 1818; 'The String of Jewels/ from Abul-Maauis, 

 1823; a translation of the Arabian lyrical poet Motenebbi, 1823; a 

 translation from the Turkish of the lyrical poems of Baki, 1825; a 

 'History of Turkish Poetry, with selections from 2200 poets; Fasli's 

 allegorical Turkish Epic of the Rose and Nightingale, 1834 ; Samas- 

 chari's Arabian poem of the 'Golden Necklace/ 1835; Mahmud 

 Schebisterei's didactic poem on Suffism, entitled ' The Rose-bloom of 

 Secrets/ 1838 ; ' The Falconer,' au old Turkish didactic poem on 

 falconry, 1840 ; and a ' History of Arabian Literature/ in three vols. 

 1850-52. He has also written a volume 'Memnon's Drieklang* 



