1003 



HAVELOCK, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY. 



HENFREY, ARTHUR. 



300.1 



(Memnon's Triad), containing an Indian pastoral, a Persian opera, and 

 a Turkish comedy. For his translation of the ' Contemplations of 

 Marcus Aurclius ' into Persian, published in 1831, he was rewarded 

 by the Shah with the order of the Sun and Lion. In 1810 he estab- 

 lished a periodical work, ' Mines of the Orient,' to which he con- 

 tributed much, and in which ho was assisted by Count Wenzel 

 Rzewuski, which was continued till 1819; and he was a frequent 

 contributor to the ' Jahrbiichern fixr Literatur' (Year-books for Litera- 

 ture), and to other periodical works. 



* HAVELOCK, MAJOR-GENERAL, SIR HENRY, K.C.B., was 

 born in 1795 at Bishopwearmouth, near Sunderland, at which latter 

 town his father carried on an extensive business as a ship-builder and 

 merchant. Hia father having retired from business, and purchased 

 Ingress Park, Dartford, Kent, young Havelock was placed in the 

 Charterhouse school, where he distinguished himself by his application 

 and success, and where he had for contemporaries the Greek historians, 

 Thirl wall and Grote, Archdeacon Hare, Sir Charles Eastlake, and 

 several others who have attained eminence in various walks of life. 

 The bar being the profession selected for him, he in 1813 was entered 

 of the Middle Temple, and attended the lectures of Chitty. His own 

 inclination was however for a military life. His elder brother William 

 was in the army, and had attracted favourable official notice by his 

 gallant conduct on, more than one occasion in the Peninsula honour- 

 able testimony is borne to his merits in Napier's ' History of the 

 Peninsular War' and through him Henry applied for a commission. 

 In July 1815 he was made second lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade, and 

 he served with his regiment in England till 1823, when having ex- 

 changed into the 13th Light Infantry, he embarked for India, and 

 from this time his career of active duty may be dated, he being 

 engaged in almost every subsequent Indian campaign. The Birmese 

 having made various inroads upon the British territory, and collected 

 large armies with the avowed determination of driving the English out 

 of Bengal, Lord Amherat in March 1824 issued a formal declaration 

 of war against the king of Ava. Havelock was appointed Deputy- 

 Assistant-Adjutant-Geueral, and in that capacity took part in the 

 chief operations of the war. When the court of Ava was constrained to 

 sue for peace, Havelock was named one of a commission to obtain the 

 royal eignature to the treaty which was concluded in February 1826. 



Lord Combermere having formed a military depot at Chinsurah, 

 Havelock was appointed adjutant of it in 1827. About this time he 

 married the daughter of Dr. Marshman [MARSHMAN, JOSHUA] the 

 learned Baptist missionary at Serampore, with whose theological 

 opinions his in a great measure coincided : and it is noteworthy, as an 

 illustration of the extent to which deference to Hindoo notions has 

 been carried in India, that it was long after made a matter of serious 

 complaint against Havelock that he was accustomed to hold meetings 

 in his quarters for religious worship, and the charge was gravely 

 investigated by the higher authorities. On the breaking up of the 

 Chinsurah depot Havelock returned for awhile to his regiment ; after- 

 wards proceeded to Calcutta, passed an examination in the native 

 languages, and was appointed regimental adjutant. On the breaking 

 out of the first Afghan war in 1838, Captain Havelock (for he had in 

 this year, after twenty-three years' service, been promoted to a 

 company), was placed on the staff of Sir Willoughby Cotton, and 

 accompanied the army throughout the campaign, being present at the 

 storming of Ghuznee, the capture of Cabul, &c. He published an 

 account of this campaign, ' A Narrative of the War in Afghanistan in 

 1838, 1839,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lond.,1840. 



Captain Havelock was now sent to the Punjab with a detachment, 

 and placed as Persian interpreter on the staff of Major-General Elphin- 

 stone. On the recurrence of difficulties in Afghanistan in 1841, he 

 joined the force of General Sale, and shared in the desperate fighting 

 through the Khoord Cabul pass and the difficult country beyond it to 

 Jellalabad ; in the protracted and noble defence of which fortress, as 

 well as in the final defeat of Akbar Khau in the open field, April 7, 

 1842, the name of Havelock was one of the most distinguished, and he 

 received the well merited reward of a brevet majority and the com- 

 panionship of the Bath. As Persian interpreter he accompanied 

 General Pollock in his march, and took part in the several encounters 

 in which the army engaged. In 1843 he was appointed Persian inter- 

 preter on the staff of General Sir Hugh (now Viscount) Gough, and 

 fought in the battle of Maharajpoor in which the Mahrattas, 18,000 

 strong, were defeated with a loss of about 3,400 men. In 1844 he was 

 made lieutenant-colonel by brevet. The following year was marked by 

 the commencement of the Sikh war. He was present at the battles of 

 Moodkee, December 18, 1845 (where two horses were killed under 

 him), Ferozeshah, December 21, 22, and Sobraon (where he lost 

 another horse) February 10, 1846. When peace was restored he 

 was appointed Deputy-Adjutant-General of the Queen's troops, at 

 Bombay. In 1849 he came to England on leave of absence for two 

 years on account of ill-health. On his return to India, Lord Hardinge, 

 who had witnessed his gallantry and skill in the Sutlej, made him first 

 Quatter-Master-General, and then Adjutant-General of the Queen's 

 troops in India. 



When the Indian government declared war against Persia, Colonel 

 Havelock was despatched with the expeditionary force under General 

 Sir James Outram, as chief of the staff, and took part in the 

 brilliant affair of Bushire, and was present at the capture of Moham- 



merah. The war ended, he embarked in the Erin for Calcutta, with 

 the gallant 78th. The vessel was wrecked, April 1857, off Ceylon ; 

 but happily Havelock and his brave comrades were spared to do 

 memorable service in the rescue of their countrymen and country- 

 women subjected to far more fearful peril than that of shipwreck, and 

 in inflicting retribution on their brutal assailants. 



Immediately on reaching Calcutta he was despatched with the rank 

 of Brigadier-General to Allahabad. He left that city on thy 8th of 

 July at the head of a column of little over 2000 Europeans and Sikhs 

 in the hope of relieving the garrison and residents shut up in Cawn- 

 pore. He had to force his way against terrible odds, but he made 

 good his ground, and on the 16th of July he defeated Nana Sahib at 

 the head of some 13,000 mutinous sepoys his own force being 

 1,300 Europeans and about 700 Sikhs. On the 17th he entered Cawn- 

 pore, too late notwithstanding all that he and his noble army had 

 done to save their unhappy countrymen, yet he had in the last 

 eight days marched 126 miles, and won four actions against over- 

 whelming odds. Hardly waiting to give rest to hi< men or to pay 

 the last rites of sepulture to the mangled corpses of those who had 

 been foully murdered in Cawnpore. Havelock prepared to push 

 on for Lucknow. On the 19th of July he again inflicted a severe 

 defeat on the mutineer?, and finding that Nana Sahib bad eva- 

 cuated his stronghold of Bithoor, renewed his march. But he had 

 to fight at every step, stout fortresses had t > be captured, and at 

 length after on the 16th of August achieving his ninth victory over 

 six times his own numbers, he found his men so reduced by death, 

 wounds, and sickness as to render it imperative on him, after almost 

 coming within sight of the besieged citadel to fall back upon Cawnpore 

 not however without being able to communicate cheering words to 

 the besieged. Being strengthened by the arrival of General Niell 

 with a small additional force, and joined by his old commander. 

 General Sir James Outram, Havelock at the head of 2,800 men crossed 

 the Ganges from Cawnpore on the 19th of September. Sir James 

 Outram one of the best and bravest of the many officers who have 

 achieved eminence in India would of course, as the superior in rank, 

 in the usual order of things supersede Havelock as commander, but 

 with the genuine chivalry of a true-hearted soldier, he in an orili-r of 

 the day announced to the army that ' in gratitude for and admiration 

 of the brilliant deeds in arms achieved by General Havelock and his 

 gallant troops," he would " cheerfully waive his rank on the occasion, 

 and accompany the force to Lucknow in his civil capacity as chief 

 commissioner of Oude, tendering his military services to General 

 Havelock as a volunteer." On the 21st of September the fortified 

 position at Meengarsour was forced; on the 25th Lucknow was reached, 

 and the garrison, which had been blockaded for nearly four months, 

 relieved, just as it had been mined and was ready to be blown up by 

 the besiegers. The following day the intrenchments of the enemy 

 were stormed, though with great loss, including that of the gallant 

 General Neill, and expelled from a large part of the city, though in and 

 about it 50,000 of the enemy are said to have been posted. According 

 to the latest intelligence, Havelock, with Sir James Outram, who was 

 wounded, was shut. up in Lucknow; but Sir Colin Campbell, at the 

 head of a large body of troops, was rapidly advancing to his relief. 



We need hardly add that the splendid march of Havelock on 

 Cawnpore and the relief of Lucknow have not merely rendered him 

 the popular hero of the Indian war, but added new glories to the 

 British arms. As a reward for his eminent services he wiis created 

 (Sept. 1857) a Major-General in the army, his promotion bearing date 

 July 30, 1857, made a baronet, and raised to be a knight-comuiander 

 of the Bath ; and, in accordance with a royal message to both houses 

 of parliament, voted a pension of 1000?. a year for life, but which, it is 

 officially announced, will be continued to his son. (We are indebted for 

 some of the facts of his early career to the ' London Illustrated News ' 

 for September 12, 1857.) 



* HENFREY, ARTHUR, a distinguished botanist. He was edu- 

 cated for the medical profession, and studied at St. Bartholomew's 

 Hospital in London. Ill health, and a taste for botanical pursuits, led 

 him to abandon his profession and devote himself to scientific stu- 

 dies. One of his earliest scientific labours was a work on 'Anatomical 

 Manipulation ; or the methods of pursuing practical investigations in 

 Comparative Anatomy and Physiology,' in preparing which he was 

 assisted by Mr. Tulk. This work appeared in 1844. About this time 

 he was appointed botanist to the Geological Survey of the United King- 

 dom, but he only retained this position a short time. He afterwards 

 became lecturer on botany at the Middlesex Hospital School of Medicine, 

 and also at the St. George's Hospital School of Medicine. In 1847 he 

 published his ' Outlines of Structural and Physiological Botany." This 

 work was a condensed view of the state- of botanical science at the 

 time it was written, and contained a large number of plates from the 

 author's own drawings. He subsequently published a smaller work, 

 intended as an elementary introduction to botanical scitnce, entitled 

 'The Rudiments of Botany.' In 1852 he published a condensed view 

 of the botany of Europe, entitled ' The Vegetation of Europe : its 

 conditions and causes.' His last original work was published in 

 1857, with the title, 'An Elementary Course of Botany Structural, 

 Physiological, and Systematic; with a brief outline of the Geographical 

 and Geological Distribution of Plants.' This work is one of great 

 labour, research, and judgment, and justly places Mr. Henfrey among 





