1007 



HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY. 



JULIEN, STANISLAS-AIGNAN. 



1008 



instructions from Mr. Horsley, whose pupil he remained for tbree 

 years ; ami he then entered the Royal Academy of Music. In 1836 he 

 first became known to the public aa a composer, by writing, in con- 

 junction with Mr. diaries Dickens, the comic opera of ' The Village 

 Coquettes,' which was produced at the St. James's Theatre then under 

 the management of Mr. Braham, and performed more than fifty times 

 during the season. In 1837 and 1838 he produced two other operas, 

 The Barbers of Basaora* (written by Morton), and 'The Outpost' 

 (written by Serle) ; both at Covent Garden, then under the manage- 

 ment of Mr. Macready. Both were favourably received ; but the run 

 of the last was out short by the appearance in it of a principal per- 

 former (whose name it is not necessary to mention) in a state of such 

 intoxication that he was hissed off the stage. At this time Mr. Hullah's 

 attention was turned from dramatic music to the pursuit in which he 

 has so highly distinguished himself. He was led to contemplate the 

 formation of popular singing classes, similar to those established in 

 Paris: and, after several visits lo that city for the purpose of ex- 

 amining and adapting to English use the celebrated system of Wilhem, 

 he set on foot in 1840, and under the sanction of the Committee of 

 Council on Education, schools in London founded on the principles 

 of that system. The rapid growth of those schools, their diffusion 

 into every part of the United Kingdom, and their immense influence 

 in spreading the love and knowledge of vocal music throughout the 

 population of this country, are well known to the public. It is 

 proper to mention that, though Mr. Hullah in the establishment of 

 his schools, received great assistance from individuals holding high 

 official positions in connexion with the Committee of the Privy Council, 

 the government has never contributed any pecuniary aid to their 

 support ; their expenses having been defrayed, partly from small 

 payments made by the pupils themselves, partly by a subscription 

 raised at the outset among a few distinguished friends of elementary 

 education. The schools were at first held at Exeter Hall ; but the 

 heavy rent and other expenses having rendered it necessary to resort to 

 a smaller and less convenient locality, Mr. Hullah conceived the design 

 of erecting a building for the special accommodation of his classes. 

 To this design we owe St. Martin's Hall in Long-acre, a spacious, 

 handsome, and useful edifice, erected and fitted up by Mr. Hullah 

 entirely by his own exertions and from his own resources. The 

 foundation-stone of the building was laid in June 1847, and the 

 whole was completed in December 1853. Since that time, public 

 concerts, chiefly of great choral works, have been given there without 

 interruption at the rate of about twelve yearly; the instrumental 

 orchestra consisting of professional performers, and the chorus ex- 

 clusively of amateurs all his own pupils. These concerts are of the 

 highest order, and warmly supported by the public. Since the year 

 1841, Mr. Hullah has every year opened classes for instruction in 

 vocal music. A few weeks ago (in November 1857) he opened his 

 167th class. At an average of sixty (which is below the mark), this 

 makes upwards of 10,000 persons taught in these schools alone. But 

 all these form a mere fraction, compared with the numbers taught in 

 schools, great and email, throughout the United Kingdom and the 

 colonies, the statistics of which it would be impossible to collect. In 

 fine, it may be safely affirmed that no individual has ever contributed 

 so largely as Mr. Hullah has done, towards the diffusion of a taste for, 

 and knowledge of Music, iu its most wholesome form, among the 

 people of this country. 



* HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY, a distinguished naturalist, was 

 educated for the medical profession at one of the London hospitals, 

 but his taste leading him to the study of natural history, he became 

 an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy, and sailed in the Rattle- 

 snake with Captain Stanley. This expedition visited the coasts 

 of Australia, and after having been out between two and three years 

 returned to England. During the time of his absence from England, 

 Mr. Huxley sent several communications on the natural history of the 

 seas in which he was sailing, more particularly on the structure of 

 the various forms of jelly fishes, to the Linnsean Society. On his 

 return, he more fully elaborated his researches on this remarkable 

 family of animals, and communicated a paper to the Royal Society, 

 entitled 'On the Anatomy and the Affinities of the Family of the 

 Medusa;.' This was published in the Philosophical Transactions iu 

 1819. These papers contain however only a part of the materials 

 collected by this industrious observer, and he has now (1857) a large 

 work with illustrations ready for the press, entitled ' A History of the 

 Oceanic Hydrozoa.' His researches upon the Medusoc have tended to 

 throw much light on the structure of those least known to British 

 observers, and have confirmed the views of those systematic writers 

 who had previously regarded these animals as closely allied to the 

 great family of polypes, amongst the Radiate class of animal*. 



Mr. Huxley has also successfully investigated the great family of 

 Mollusca, and in a paper, also published in the 'Philosophical Trans- 

 actions,' on the ' Commou Plan, or Archetype of the Mollubca,' he 

 showed that as the annulose and vertebrate animals had a common 

 type or plan, so also had the Mollusca. His views on this subject 

 were subsequently developed in a more popular form, iu the article 

 'MoLLCBUA,' published in the Natural History Division of this Cyclo- 

 paedia. Besides these papers, he has published several 011 various 

 departments of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in tho 'Annals 

 and Magazine of Natural History,' and in the ' Quarterly Journal of 



Microscopical Science." On the resignation of Professor Edward 

 Forbes, Mr. Huxley was appointed Profe sor of Palaeontology in the 

 Government School of Mines. In connection with this chair Professor 

 Huxley delivers every year a course of lectures on General Natural 

 History : one of these series is in the course of beiusr reported in the 

 ' Medical Times and Gazette.' They were commenced on tbe 3rd of 

 May 1856, and had extended to about twelve lectures at the end 

 of 1857. The lectures, as far as they have gone, have done much to 

 enhance Mr. Huxley's reputation as a comparative anatomist. He has 

 delivered sevenl evening lectures at the Royal Institution of Great 

 Britain, and is at the present time Fullerian professor of Physiology 

 in that institution. He is a Fellow of the Royal and 

 Societies. 



* JULIEN. STANISLAS-AIGNAN, a Chinese scholar of the highest 

 eminence, was born at Orleans on tbe 21st of September 1799, the son 

 of Noel Julien a noted mechanician of that city. He was sin^ul-ir'v 

 unfortunate in his earlier years, at the age of four he lost his failn-r, 

 and the re-marriage of his mother gave him a step-father, who set his 

 face so decidedly against the boy's receiving a superi >v education that 

 it was only by stealth that, with his mother's connivance, he obtained 

 some lessons in Latin. On the deatli of the step-father he was sent to 

 the college of Orleans, but the death of his mother threw him into 

 the hands of a guardian, who determined, iu spite of his inclinations, 

 to make him an ecclesiastic, and sent him to the 'seminary;' a place 

 of education for young priests. At this time he had a strong desii e to 

 become acquainted with Greek, and as that language did not enter 

 into the plan of studies at the seminary, he learned it by stealth, by 

 himself; but on its being discovered that he had done so, liis extra- 

 ordinary application extorted the approval of his superiors, and he was 

 even appointed to teach Greek to the other scholars. He then taught 

 himself to read English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and German. 

 He had made up his mind to emigrate to Camden, in South Carolina, 

 where an eller brother had succeeded in establishing a manufactory of 

 fire-arms, when news of the death of hi* brother arrived and retained 

 him in France In 1821 he went to Paris, with the ambition of dis- 

 tinguishing himself as a Grecian, and prepared an edition of Coluthus's 

 poem of the 'Rape of Helen,' to effect the publication of which, he had 

 to sell the last house that remained to him of his patrimony at 

 Orleans. A young Scotchman, named John Watson, with whom he 

 became acquainted at Paris, inspired him with a passion for the 

 Oriental languages, and fortunately introduced him to the patronage of 

 Sir William Drummoud, the author of ' Origiues,' who supplied him 

 with sufficient funds to enable him to devote himself for a short time 

 to the study of Chinese. 



The study of that language was then in a transition state. From 

 the time of Louis XIV., the French had decided ly taken the lead in 

 introducing a knowledge of Chinese history, st-ience, and literature 

 into Europe, but the numerous works of value on the subject which 

 their missionaries had given to the world in the course of the ISth 

 century, were rather calculated to convey a knowledge of results, to 

 be received on the credit of the writers, t! an to enable others to test 

 those results and to pursue researches. They had published many 

 volumes of memoirs and dissertations, but no dictionary, and the 

 grammar of Fourmont was an imposture. The dictionary of Father 

 Basil of Glemona, which was issued at the expense of Napoleon I., in 

 the early part of the present century was eclipsed r.nd effaced by the 

 far superior work of the English missionary, Dr. Morrison, which still 

 remains the leading Chinese dictionary for all Europe. About the same 

 time a few close translations by English missionaries, which showed 

 that their French predecessors had taken extensive liberties with the 

 original*, roused a general anticipation that for the. future the French 

 would have not only rivals, but superiors in the field which had 

 hitherto been their own. 



These anticipations were not destined to be fulfilled, at least iu tho 

 earlier half of the 19th century. The establishment of an endowed 

 Professorship of Chinese at the College of France in LSI 5, on tho 

 recommendation of Silvestre de Sacy, proved in its results a very 

 important step. The first professor, Abel Re'musat, had just i-.me 1 ii 

 Chinese grammar of singular and sterling merit at the time thac 

 Julien began to attend his lectures. Julieu was from the h'rst so capti- 

 vated with Chinese, that he at once gave his whole time aud attention to 

 the study, and his progress was marvellous. In the second month bu 

 commenced a translation of the last of the 'Four Books,' which may ba 

 called the leading sacred classics of China a work recording the con- 

 versations of Mang Tsze, or Muncius, the philosopher highest in reputa- 

 tion among his countrymen after Confucius. Six mouths afterwards bo 

 presented the work complete to the Asiatic Society of Paris, which 

 resolved on printing it at its expense, and at the same time, tho Count 

 de Lasteyrie offered to lithograph the original, which was published iu 

 conjunction. The book thus commenced in 1824, was completed in 

 1830, and is one of the most valuable aids that can be placed iu th-j 

 hands of a student of Chiuesn. The previous translation of Mencius by 

 Father Noel is so vague that it affords scarcely any assistance towards 

 reading the original ; in that of Julieu every word of Chinese is rigidly 

 rendered into Latin, a perpetual commentary is added, drawn from 

 Chinese sources, and copious notes are inserted for the explanation of 



