1009 



JDLIEN, STANISLAS-AIGNAN. 



LIVINGSTONE, DAVID, LL.D., D.C.L. 



1010 



difficulties in construction. Though, as might be expected, the author 

 has committed some errors in this first production, which he has since 

 acknowledged, it is, taken on the whole, one of the most wonderful 

 achievements in the annals of scholarship. It is scarcely less wonderful 

 that the ardour of which it was a proof, appears scarcely to have 

 slackened for the following three-and-thirty years. From the date of 

 the publication of ' Mencius ' to the present year, a third of a century, 

 M. Julicn may be safely said to have passed " no day without a line " 

 of Chinese. Though the aid of Sir William Drummond soon ceased, 

 his talents found other patronage. His future was secured by his 

 appointment to the sub-librarian ship of the Institute, and some years 

 after he was named one of the conservators of the manuscripts in the 

 royal, now imperial library, by which the Chinese books, which in 

 that library are, though printed, technically regarded as manu- 

 scripts, were placed under his management. The collection, which 

 at his nomination comprised about twelve thousand volumes, has 

 considerably increased under his superintendence. In 1832, on the 

 death of Re'musat, he was unanimously recommended to the vacant 

 Professorship of Chinese at the College of France, and it is generally 

 acknowledged, that if in literary and philosophical talent, he does not 

 equal his brilliant predecessor, who adorned whatever he touched, yet 

 he may be considered even a profounder scholar and a safer guide 

 through the intricacies of Chinese. Among his own pupils are eminent 

 . names : Theodore Pavie, the traveller in America and Asia, and 

 translator from Chinese and Sanscrit ; Biot, the younger, son of the 

 astronomer, whose early death was a great loss to both literature and 

 science ; and Bazin, now professor of modern Chinese, who has always 

 given bis chief attention to that form of the language. These pupils, 

 in conjunction with their teacher, have for many years past restored to 

 Franca the supremacy in Chinese literature, which she once seemed 

 likely to lose. In England, it is almost impossible to pass a grocer's 

 shop without seeing a Chinese inscription ; in the streets of the metro- 

 polis Chinese passengers and Chinese beggars are of daily occurrence ; 

 hundreds of thousands of Chinese emigrants live under the British 

 flag ; our transactions, both of war and peace, with the population 

 of from three to four hundred millions which uses the Chinese 

 character, are of the most important kind; but the study of that 

 language seems to be still regarded as an object of no interest, except 

 to a few missionaries, and the cultivation of its literature is left in 

 London to the care of one professor, with a salary of, we believe, 

 twenty pounds a year. 



M. Julien's publications, which are numerous, all bear on the subject 

 of his favourite language, with the exception of a few translations from 

 modern Greek, and one from English, of the new system of teaching 

 writing introduced by Carstairs, of which he is a warm advocate. He 

 has translated two Chinese plays, the ' Hwuy-lan-ke,' or ' Circle of 

 Chalk,' of which the original was lithographed in the ' Chrestomathic 

 Chinoise,' published by the Asiatic Society of Paris, and the ' Chaou- 

 che-koo-urh,' or 'Orphan of the House of Chaou,' a previous translation 

 of which by Father Pre"mare was the foundation of a tragedy by 

 Voltaire, which, rendered into English by Murphy, under the title of 

 ' The Orphan of China,' presents the only dramatic story common to 

 the Chinese and English stage. Premare had, in his version, omitted 

 the verses which are interspersed in the original as too obscure and 

 difficult ; Julien has rendered them all. A version of a Chinese 

 novel, of which the original was first published about 1807, and the 

 translation in 1834, ' Pih-chay-tsing-ke,' 'White and Blue, or the Two 

 Fairy Snakes,' appears to have met with little success the story, 

 which is full of Buddhist superstitions, is much less suited to European 

 taste than those of the earlier translated novels, ' The Fortunate Union,' 

 and ' The Two Fair Cousins,' which are strikingly modern in tone, 

 though the composition of one of them is ascribed to the 15th century. 

 A ' Summary of the principal Chinese treatises on the cultivation of 

 Mulberries and the management of Silk-worms,' which was made 

 into French at the desire of the French Minister of Agriculture and 

 Commerce, has been translated into several languages, and an English 

 version has appeared in the United States. ' Kan-irig-pcen,' or the 

 ' Book of Recompences and Punishments,' which, though in French, 

 is one of the publications of the Oriental Fund of London, is a 

 religious book of the sect of the Taou-Sze, said to amount to about 

 100 millions in number, who follow the doctrines of Laou-Tsze, 

 a contemporary of Confucius. The main book of doctrine of Laou- 

 Tsze himself, ' Taou-tih-king,' or the ' Book of the Way and of 

 Virtue,' was translated and published in 1841, with an extensive com- 

 mentary, and accompanied by the original. Perhaps the most im- 

 portant work that M. Julien has yet issued is his last, the ' Voyages 

 des Pelerins Bouddhistes,' or ' Travels of Buddhist Pilgrims,' of which 

 the first volume appeared in 1853, and the second in 1857. The first 

 volume comprises a history of the life of Heuen-Tsang, a Chinese 

 Buddhist, and of his travels in India from A.D. 629 to A.D. 645 ; the 

 second, information on the countries west of China, rendered from the 

 Sanscrit into Chinese by Heueu-Tsang, and from Chinese into French 

 by M. Julien. To translate these volumes, which abound in phrases 

 foreign to Chinese, required not only an accurate knowledge of that 

 language, but also some acquaintance with Sanscrit and Pali, and the 

 preliminary studies which were necessary for the due execution of the 

 task spread over a period of twenty years. The work throws an 

 unexpected light on the early history and geography of India, and 



BIOG. DIV. VOL. VI. 



some of the expense of its preparation and publication was defrayed 

 by the English East India Company. 



In addition to these various labours M. Julien is the writer of 

 three controversial pamphlets of some extent, in which he criticises 

 with much severity the mistakes and short-comings of M. Pauthier, 

 a Chinese scholar, who published defective translations of portions of 

 Laou-Tsze and Heuen-Tsang. In these pamphlets much light is inci- 

 dentally thrown on various questions of Chinese grammar. He has 

 also contributed a long series of articles to tho Parisian 'Journal 

 Asiatique,' of which he has for some years been one of the editors. 

 One of the most interesting of these is on the origin and progress of 

 printing in China. The invention of printing by blocks, each contain- 

 ing a page, has been attributed not only by Klaproth, but by several 

 Chinese writers, to a certain Fung-taou about the date of A.D. 932 ; 

 but M. Julien refers to passages in Chinese encyclopaedias, in which 

 the process is mentioned as in use in A.D. 593, and is said to have been 

 discovered about A.D. 581. He also quotes a remarkable passage, 

 in which a certain Pe-shing, a smith, is said to have invented, 

 between A.D. 1041 and 1049, a process for setting up pages with 

 moveable Chinese characters, which afterwards fell into disuse, an, 

 from the peculiar character of the Chinese language, the earlier- prac- 

 tice of printing in whole pages, a species of stereotype, waa found more 

 convenient. M. Julien adds however that, when in 1773 the Emperor 

 Keen-lung issued a decree for the publication of a very large collection 

 of the Chinese standard works, a member of the ministry of finance, 

 Kin-keen, suggested that in order to avoid the expense of keeping iu 

 store the immense quantity of blocks that would be required, the old 

 moveable type system should be revived, and that, in 1776 the emperor 

 approved of the proposal, which was accordingly acted upon. The 

 whole of these statements are very interesting, but the reader cannot 

 help suspecting some errors in the details, when he notices the extra- 

 ordinary extent which is attributed by three of the most learned 

 scholars of the century to the collection of Chinese standard works 

 referred to as published by order of Keen-lung. In the article on 

 printing, M. Julien describes this collection as extending to 10,412 

 distinct works. In a lecture on Chinese literature, Kcmusat states 

 distinctly that " the emperor ordered the publication of a select 

 collection (collection choiaie) in 180,000 volumes." Professor Neu- 

 mann of Munich reduces the number, but only to 160,000, and 

 M. Julien, in his preface to his work on the Mulberry and Silkworm, 

 adopts the same number as of the entire work, and states that, " in 

 1818, there had already appeared 78,627 volumes of this vast col- 

 lection." It is certainly remarkable that three such men should have 

 put forth statements so extraordinary, apparently without even having 

 suspected that for volumes they should have read books in the sense of 

 chapters. 



-'LIVINGSTONE, DAVID, LL.D., D.C.L., and Fellow of the 

 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow. Under the head 

 MOFFAT, ROBERT, a notice has been given of Dr. Livingstone, which 

 agrees in substance with the brief account which he has himself given 

 of his early life in the Introduction to his recently-published volume 

 entitled ' Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, including 

 a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa, and a 

 Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West Coast ; 

 thence across the Continent, down the river Zambesi, to the Eastern 

 Ocean,' 8vo, London, 1857, with Map and Illustrations. In addition to 

 the brief notice of Dr. Livingstone already given under MOFFAT, a few 

 facts may be here stated. 



Dr. Livingstone's great-grandfather was a native of the Highlands 

 of Scotland, and fell at the battle of Culloden, fighting for the Stuart 

 line of kings. His grandfather was a small farmer in Ulva, one of 

 the Western Islands of Scotland, and there his father was born. 

 Finding the farm in Ulva insufficient for the support of a numerous 

 family, the grandfather removed to the Blantyre Works, a large cotton 

 manufactory on the Clyde, above Glasgow, where the sons received 

 employment as clerks, and himself as a confidential messenger. The 

 father brought up his children in connection with the Kirk of Scot- 

 land, but afterwards left it, and during the last twenty years of his life 

 held the office of deacon of an independent church in Hamilton. He 

 died in February 1856, when his son had passed Zumbo on his journey 

 to the eastern coast of Africa. 



David Livingstone, when ten years of age, was placed in the cotton- 

 factory as ' a piecer.' - While in this situation, though the day's labour 

 was from six o'clock in the morning till eight in the evening, he learned 

 Latin, and at the age of sixteen was well acquainted with Horace, 

 Virgil, and other classical authors. He also read with eagerness scien- 

 tific works and books of travels, not only studying at night, but by 

 placing his book on a portion of the spinning-jenny, he could catch 

 sentence after sentence as he passed at his work. In his nineteenth 

 year he was promoted to the toil of cotton-spinning, which, being then 

 of a slender form, he felt very severe, but was well paid for. He had 

 become desirous of going out to China as a medical missionary, and 

 the remuneration which he received for his labour enabled him to 

 support himself while attending medical and Greek classes in Glasgow 

 in the winter, and the divinity lectures of Dr.. Wardlaw in the summer. 

 In due time he was admitted a Licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians 



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