MODIFICATIONS OF FORM 



181 



straggling are produced from other parts. The climbing Rattan Palms of the 

 genus Calamus bear them on the concave side of the whip-like leaf-apices, 

 or of the axillary buds ; for it is sometimes the one, sometimes the other, 

 which serves in this genus as the climbing organ (iv.) In the Jujube 

 (Zizyphus) there are woody stipules to the leaves which are borne by the 

 curved, whip-like branches. Of these stipules the one that is downwardly- 

 directed of each pair is sharply reflexed, while the other points forwards 

 (ii.). A parallel is seen in Sageretia, ' but in this case it is the axillary buds 

 that are effective, for the lower of each pair forms a recurved hook, 



V// 



FIG. 134- 



Various woody stragglers collected in Ceylon, showing various parts reflexed for 

 support, (i.) axillary shoots of Sageretia', (ii.) stipules of Zizyphus ; (iii.) prickles 

 of Lantana ; (iv.) prickles of Calamus ; (v. vi.) axillary branched shoots of Carissa ; 

 (vii.) reflexed pinnae of Desmonchus. 



rhile the upper develops upwards as a leafy shoot. The mechanical effect 

 is exactly the same as in the Jujube, but the parts used are different (i.). 

 In the Palm Desmonchus, it is the distal pinnae that are reflexed, and act 

 almost like the flukes of a patent anchor (vii.). A very similar mechanical 

 effect is shown by the reflexed axillary branches of Carissa (v. vi.). Such 

 examples illustrate in what varied ways straggling may be made an effective 

 icthod of support. They involve such diverse parts as emergences, stipules, 

 pinnae, and axillary branches. In fact any part of the shoot-system may be 

 ased. The instances come from most diverse families of Dicotyledons and 

 lonocotyledons. 



