DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 71 



cartilages over the heels of the hoof become unyielding, 

 stiff and hard. In a horse with normal lateral cartilages, 

 slight thumb pressure over the quarters of the hoof 

 will cause the cartilage to bend inward toward the pas- 

 tern bone ; but if sidebones have formed, there will be 

 no give to the part when pressed with considerable 

 force. 



Treatmemt. Kest, bar shoe, the firing iron and blis- 

 ters. 



FRACTURES. 



IN fractures of bone we have a portion broken off so 

 that it is not closely continuous with the remainder. 

 We may have the bone simply cracked through without 

 displacement, or it may be displaced to a considerable 

 degree from its proper location. The bone may be 

 broken straight across, or the crack may be in an oblique 

 direction. The outside projecting points on bones are 

 frequently the subject of fracture, as for example, the 

 breaking off of a portion of the point of the ilium. 

 (13 in figure of skeleton). In this article only the most 

 common kinds of fracture will be treated on. 



FRACTURE OF LOWER JAW. 



Causes. Perhaps this bone is more frequently the 

 subject of fracture than any other. It is usually caused 

 by the bit bruising the gum and covering of the bone, 

 so that a portion of it dies for want of nutrition, and a 

 breaking off of the dead portion is the result. It is 



