2 8 BALKAN WAR 



armies: the ist Army (General Kutincheff), comprising the ist and 8th Divisions 

 (50,000 men with 100 guns), which was originally assembled near Sofia and then secretly 

 transported by rail through Philippopolis to Yamboli; the 2nd Army (General Ivanoff), 

 composed of the 3rd and 8th Divisions and the Cavalry division (50,000 men with 260 

 guns), which was concentrated about Tirnova; and the 3rd Army (General Dimitrieff) 

 with the 4th, 5th, gth Divisions (72,000 with 250 guns), which was concentrated east of 

 Yamboli. A secondary force composed of the 7th Division (General Todoroff), about 

 24,000 strong, was assembled near Dubnitza; the object of this force was to invade 

 Macedonia by the Struma and Mesta Valleys and preserve communication between 

 the allied forces in the eastern and western theatres of war. Finally the 2nd Division 

 (24,000) under General Kovacheff was to cross the frontier south of Haskovo and safe- 

 guard the right of the 2nd army. A Bulgarian detachment, said to be formed from the 

 ist Army Inspection, accompanied the 2nd Servian Army along the Kustendil-Uskub 

 road. The total force under arms at the outset was 340,000. General Savoff was in 

 chief command, with headquarters at Stora Zagora. 



The Servian forces were concentrated in 4 groups or armies: the ist Army, consist- 

 ing of three ist line, or two 2nd line divisions, and i cavalry division (about 97,000 with 

 232 guns), under the Crown Prince and General Putnik, on the Nish-Vranya road; the 

 so-called 2nd Army (General Stephanovich), composed of one ist line division (21,000 

 with 36 guns), strengthened by a Bulgarian detachment, on the Kustendil-Uskub road; 

 the 3rd Army (General Yankovich), composed of one ist line and two 2nd line divisions, 

 (50,000 with 120 guns), near Kursumlje; and a 4th or Ibar Army (General Zikhovitch), 

 consisting of one 2nd line division (15,000) at Raska, with detachments of 7,000 and 

 3,000 3rd line troops at Ivanjica and Vzice respectively. The total force under arms was 

 200,000 men with 430 guns. 



The Greek forces ,were assembled in two principal masses. On the east the main army 

 of 4 divisions (44,000), afterwards increased by 3 reserve divisions, under the Crown 

 Prince and General Danglis, was concentrated near Larissa and Trikala with a view to 

 operations in Thessaly against the Turkish Southern Army; on the west a secondary 

 group (originally about 12,000) under General Sapuntsakis, based on Missolonghi, was 

 to neutralise the Turkish forces in Epirus, and capture Prevesa. 



The Montenegrin forces formed 3 armies: a Central Army, under Prince Danilo, of 

 5 brigades (14,000 men), with 20 guns; a Southern Army of 3 brigades (8,000 men), 

 with heavy artillery; and a Northern Army of 3 brigades (0,000 men), with 12 guns. 

 The first two armies were destined to advance north and south of Lake Scutari against 

 the town of Scutari and Mount Tarabosch. The Northern Army was to invade the 

 Sanjak of Novi Bazar, and join the Servians. Headquarters were at Podgoritza. 



The Turkish forces were organised in 3 principal armies and several minor groups, 

 as follows: (i) A Main or Eastern Army in Thrace, consisting of the ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 

 1 7th and i8th Army Corps and a cavalry corps, besides various Rcdlf divisions, making, 

 it is said, about 116,000 rifles, 3,000 sabres and 312 guns in all at the outbreak of war. 

 This force, which was commanded by Abdullah Pasha, was based on Constantinople, 

 Eregli, and Rodosto, and was being concentrated in the area Dimotika, Eski Baba, Kirk 

 Kilisse, Adrianople. The latter place was surrounded by a girdle of strong modern forts 

 with a perimeter of at least 22 miles, and garrisoned by about 32,000 men under Shukri 

 Pasha. Kirk Kilisse had only 3 permanent forts, but these had been supplemented by 

 numerous semi-permanent works, converting it with an entrenched camp. (2) A West- 

 ern Army destined to oppose the Servians, consisting of the 5th, 6th and 7th Corps and 

 six Redif divisions (94,000 with 260 guns), under Zckki Pasha; the greater part of this 

 army was in the Plain of Uskub, with advanced posts pushed up towards Vranya and 

 Kustendil; three divisions, with numerous Arnaut auxiliaries, making about 40,000 in 

 all, were in the Sanjak of Novi Bazar and in the Lab Valley. (3) A Southern Army, in- 

 cluding 2 independent and i Asiatic Rcdif divisions, about 30,000 in all, under Hassan 

 Tahsin Pasha, concentrated at Kozhani and Diskata, and intended to oppose the Greek 

 main army. In addition there was a force of 24,000, known as the Struma Army (24,- 



