THE WORLD'S NAVIES 



The table shows that the submarine has taken her place among the offensive forces 

 of sea-power, and that we are approaching a time when there will be one type of tor- 

 pedo-craft only that which is able to operate above or below the surface at will. 



Table VII shows the comparative strength in 1912-13 of the naval Powers in 

 effective ships of all the various classes. 



Table VII. The World's Navies. 



Expenditure. Owing to the differing budgetary methods of the various States, it is 

 difficult to compare naval expenditure satisfactorily. The difference of cost of the 

 voluntary personnel of Great Britain and the United States on the one hand, and the 

 conscript navies of all the other Powers on the other, vitiates the comparison. For 

 instance, in the German Budget, the charges for non-effective services and naval works 

 are borne on other estimates. The following are the charges (1912) of the chief naval 

 Powers: Great Britain, 44,085,400 (plus 990,000 supplementary); German Empire 

 22,008,746 (plus 734,000 under new Navy Act); United States, 25,944,798; France, 

 1 6,93 1 , 1 49 ; Japan, 9,46 1,817 (plus 2 50,000 extraordinary) ; Italy, 8,675,444 ; Austria- 

 Hungary, 5,823,200; Russia, 18,669,825. It must be borne in mind that, in the 

 newer navies, those of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Japan, for instance, the sum 

 devoted to new construction is proportionately more and that devoted to maintenance 



