GEOGRAPHY 105 



investigations in the Adriatic under the auspices of the Austrian Adriatic Association 

 and the Zoological Station at Triest. An institution similar to the Austrian association 

 has been established as a department of the Italian Association for the Advancement of 

 Science, and at a joint conference a plan of work on co-operative lines has been laid down. 

 In connection with the Oceanographical Institute of Monaco, which was founded and is 

 directed by the Prince of Monaco, an institute has been opened in the Rue St. Jacques, 

 Paris, with a laboratory, lecture hall, aquarium and library, under the administration of 

 Dr. P. Regnard. 



The wreck of the " Titanic " in 1912, and the unusual southward extension of ice in 

 the North Atlantic at the season when that disaster occurred, have indicated the de- 

 sirability of a practical application of oceanographical study in particular reference to 

 the temperature of the sea and the circumstances which govern it, and of further re- 

 search to the north of the steamer " lanes:" 



An elementary handbook of practical oceanography, entitled Science of the Sea 

 (London, 1912), has been written by members of the Challenger Society under the 

 editorship of Dr. G. H. Fowler. 



Education: Societies. The teaching of geography in London elementary schools is 

 the subject of a report (191 1) forming one of a series issued at the instance of the London 

 County Council education officer; the schemes therein outlined are the outcome of 

 conferences between teachers and leading authorities in the study of geography. At 

 Berlin a chair of Colonial Geography has been established in the University in connec- 

 tion with the celebration of its centenary, together with a department dealing' wrth this 

 subject in the Geographical Institution, through the liberality of Drl Hans Meyer. In 

 Vienna a professorship of commercial geography was founded in IQ^IO in the Export- 

 akademie of the Imperial Museum of Commerce. 



During the presidency of Lord Curzon of Kedleston, active measures have been taken 

 for the better housing of the Royal Geographical Society (London), and in July igi'a it 

 was announced that Lowther Lodge, Kensington Gore, had been acquired for this 

 purpose. The Research Department of the Society, under which small periodical 

 meetings had been held since 1903 for the discussion of specific problems, was brought to 

 a close in 1912, without causing any break in the continuity of the support afforded by 

 the Society to research, but rather in order to widen its appeal, for such subjects as have 

 hitherto been brought before the departmental meetings are now included- in the 

 programme of the general meetings. The death of Mr. John Coles (b. 1833) on June 

 24, 1910, removed a well-known figure from London geographical circles; he was map 

 curator to the R. G. S. from 1877 to 1900, and was also " travel editor " of The Field 

 from 1884. 



The American Geographical Society celebrated its jubilee in 1912, and in connection 

 therewith a trans-continental excursion for the purposes of geographical study was 

 planned under the leadership of Prof. W. M. Davis. The Servian Geographical So- 

 ciety was founded in 1910 at Belgrade, with the special purpose of promoting study of 

 the Balkan lands; it was inaugurated under the presidency of Prof. J. CvijicY 



Geographical Literature. Two important general works on geography may be special- 

 ly noted. In LaGeographie Humaine (Paris, 1910), Prof . J. Brunhes deals exhaustive- 

 ly with the influence of physical environment on the life of man and the conditions under 

 which he lives, basing his study upon a simple classification of essential facts connected 

 with the methods and conditions of cultivation, the working of natural resources such 

 as minerals and various products, as well as the uses of animals, and of the erection of 

 dwellings and the organisation of communications. In Influences of Geographic Environ- 

 ment (1911), Miss E. M. Semple approaches similar problems, but in great measure from 

 a different point of view, drawing very freely upon historical examples and using illustra- 

 tions from every part of the world. 



From the beginning of 1911 the German geographical serial " Globus " was amalga- 

 mated with the serial " Petermanns Mitteilungen." (O. J. R. HOWARTH.) 



