PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY i 53 



of the highest ability are engaged in the study of the disappearing races while there 

 is still an opportunity of so doing. In the Andaman Islands, Mr. A. R. Brown (Cam- 

 bridge) has carried out extensive researches. In regard to the pygmy tribes of the 

 Malay peninsula, the exhaustive works published by Professor Martin (of Zurich), 

 and of Messrs. Skeat and C. O. Blagden still hold the first rank. 



Bush Race. The Bush race of South Africa has been studied minutely by Dr. 

 Poch l (of Vienna) and Dr. Peringuey (of the S. African Museum 2 ). Dr. Poch lays 

 stress on the necessity for a precise and definite diagnosis of the Bush type as contrasted 

 with other adjacent varieties and especially with the Hottentots. Among the features 

 employed as aids to drawing these distinctions, the form of the ears, of the eyelids and 

 of the upper lip are regarded as possessing the first importance; for the true Bush native 

 presents a distinct conformation in each instance. An interesting observation is to 

 the effect that the parotid salivary glands are very large in the genuine Bush natives. 

 No explanation of the condition has been advanced and its significance has remained 

 obscure. (The present writer suggests that the development may be related to the 

 employment of clicking sounds in speech, a feature which is carried to its extreme by 

 these natives. This suggestion is based on the observation that although Europeans 

 may learn to employ clicks, yet a great difficulty is encountered in prolonged conversa- 

 tion owing to deficient saliva, the latter being essential to the proper production of the 

 clicking sounds.) Dr. Poch regards the well-known steatopygia of the Bush natives 

 (it is found in both sexes) as a mode of storage of food-materials. (The present writer 

 made this suggestion eight years ago, and even then was probably not the first person 

 to do so.) In general, the position assigned to these remarkable representatives of 

 humanity is that of a distinct and specialised form of mankind. It will be noticed 

 that this view is identical with the last of the three mentioned above in connection 

 with the pygmy tribes as a whole. Dr. Peringuey devotes a section of this work to the 

 physical characters of the Bushmen, and Dr. Shrubsall has added a chapter on crani- 

 ometry, which is an abstract of a larger report in preparation. 



Australian Aborigines. Mr. A. R. Brown has made extensive observations on the 

 tribes of Western Australia but the results and summary still await publication. In 

 other parts of Australia there has been a great awakening of activity and important 

 memoirs on the craniology of the aboriginal natives have appeared quite recently. 

 Particular attention may be directed to the work of Professor Berry 3 (of Melbourne 

 University), who has stimulated enthusiasm in a numerous band of students and 

 colleagues. To Professor Berry credit is due also for rescuing from obscurity a fine 

 collection of skulls of the extinct Tasmanian aborigines. Complete descriptions and 

 admirable drawings are now available, and the additional material investigated by 

 Professor Berry amounts nearly to as much again as all that had been previously 

 described. An absolutely unique specimen is a desiccated Tasmanian brain, which 

 has been studied by Professor Elliot Smith. 



Professor Berry holds the view that the Tasmanian native represented a pure, if 

 highly-specialised stock, which was modified in Australia owing to the advent of a 

 second stock. The latter may be termed Papuan. The Tasmanians were distinct from 

 this, and from the Melanesians also. Herein Professor Berry is in opposition to Pro- 

 fessor von Luschan (of Berlin). 



At the University of Adelaide, the study of physical anthropology is pursued actively 

 by Professor Stirling, 4 who has the advantage of access to a number of skeletons of the 

 aborigines far greater than exists in any other scientific institution. But detailed 

 accounts are not yet accessible. 



Eskimo. The Eskimo race has been investigated quite recently by two observers 

 of the highest competence, Drs. Oetteking and Hrdlicka. In view of the comparisons 



1 Poch, Korrespondenzblatt, etc., s. 75; Archiv fur Anthropologie, 1911. 



2 Peringuey, Annals of the South African Museum, vol. viii, 1911. 



3 Berry, Proc. Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, vol. xxxi, Part I, No. 1-4, 1910. 



4 Stirling, Trans. Roy. Soc. of South Australia, vol. xxxv, 1911. 



