CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 161 



specialisation which modern method recommends, we must conclude with a rapid glance 

 at the recent advance made in our knowledge of the primitive culture of particular 

 regions. America, perhaps, deserves to be placed first on the list, because here intensive 

 work on regional lines lias long claimed chief attention; though general theory, especial- 

 ly in regard to the psychology of religion, has by no means wholly been neglected, 

 notable contributions to this subject being E. S. Ames, The Psychology of Religious 

 Experience (1910); H. Webster, Rest Days (1911), and J. H. Leuba, A Psychological 

 Study of Religion (1912). Of outstanding importance are the results, still in course of 

 publication, of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, which took place under the direction 

 of Dr. F. Boas. They are particularly interesting from an ethnological point of view, 

 since they suggest that the peoples of N:E. Asia usually known as Paleo- Asiatics 

 (Chukchee, Koryak, Karnchadale, Gilyak^ Yukaghi) owe their indubitable affinities to 

 the aborigines of America to the fact that they represent ;an ethnic reflux from the latter 

 continent. It should be mentioned that Russian ethnologists, Messrs. Sternberg, 

 Jochelson and Bogoras, took part in this expedition, and contributed not a little to its 

 success. Moreover, a discussion of great interest concerning the ethnological status of 

 the American aborigines has recently taken place, in which a number of distinguished 

 Americanists have taken part (Am. Anthrop., 1912).- From the cultural point of view 

 perhaps the most interesting contribution is that of Dr. W. H. Holmes, who reaches the 

 same conclusion from the archaeological as does Dr. Hordlicka from the somatological 

 standpoint, namely, that the bulk of the: aborigines are of Asiatic origin; though he 

 would not wholly exclude cultural influences by way of Indonesia and Polynesia, and 

 even, more doubtfully, from West Africa and North Europe (cf. also his paper in : Am. 

 Anthrop., 1910, 149). For the rest, it is impossible here to make more than passing 

 mention of a few of the numerous additions to our knowledge of the natives of North 

 America, present or past, especially notable being Miss A. Fletcher and F. La Flesche, 

 The Omaha Tribe (1911); Clark Wissler, Social Life of the Blackfoot Indians (1911) and 

 Ceremonial Bundles oj 'the Blackpool (10.12), and E. Volk, The Archaeology of 'the Delaware 

 Valley (1911). Notice should also be taken of the recent anthropological activity dis- 

 played by the Canadian Government, which, by organising an ethnological department 

 under the direction of Dr. Sapir, whose work, especially in the matter of linguistics, is of 

 the highest value, has sent into the field a number of competent workers, Mr. Barbeau 

 and others, of whom much may confidently be expected. For Central America with 

 Mexico may be noted G. G. MacCurdy, A Study of Chiriguian Antiquities (1911); C. 

 Lamholtz, New Travels in Mexico (1912); and K. Th. Preuss, Die N ay ar it- Expedition. 

 Erster Band: Die Religion der Cora-Indianer (1912), the last-named constituting a most 

 important new source for the comparative study of religions. As regards South Ameri- 

 ca, we must be content here to mention Sir C. Markham, The Incas of Peru (1910); T. 

 A. Joyce, South American Archaeology (1912); W. B. Grubb, Indians of the Paraguayan 

 Chaco (1911), and E. Nordenskiold, Indianlif i el Gran Chaco, Stockholm (1911). 



Something has been said already of recent archaeological work in regard to Africa. 

 As regards the study of the present-day natives, two monographs of first-rate quality, 

 that deal especially with the subject of religion, are, be it noted, the work of mission- 

 aries, J. Roscoe, The Baganda (1911), and H. Junod, The Ba-Thonga (1912). Several 

 important books upon the anthropology of the Belgian Congo have recently appeared, 

 such as E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, Les Bushongo (1910) ; F. Gand and C. van Overbergh, 

 Les Mandja (1911); and T. H. Weeks, Congo Life and Folk-lore (1911). The former work 

 discloses a quite remarkable state of native civilisation, the ultimate origins of which 

 must be sought somewhere further north, probably in the neighbourhood of Lake Chad, 

 our speculations being assisted by historical records of the mnemonic order that would 

 seem to be trustworthy for at least several centuries back. The increasing interest 

 shown by the British Government in anthropology, as shown either in the direct ap- 

 pointment of ethnological investigators or in the encouragement of officials to prosecute 

 such studies, has borne fruit in such works as N. W. Thomas, Ebo-speaking Peoples of 

 Nigeria (1910); A. N. Tremearne, The Tailed Head-hunters of Nigeria (1912); H. A. 



