2 68 HITTITES 



late Hittite. Provisionally it may be said that the site was probably, like Sinjerli (Shamal), 

 not a town of the Hatti at any time, but may have been one of the Kummukh (Com- 

 mageni) who adopted Hatti civilisation. 



At Tell Halaf in mid-Mesopotamia excavations were begun by Max Freiherr 

 von Oppenheim in 1912; sculpture, jewellery, etc., are said to have been found. The 

 monuments found in 1902 seem not purely Hittite, and perhaps the site is that of a 

 town of the Khani (capital Harran), who may have used Hatti script and arts. This 

 people came successively under Babylonian and Assyrian domination after having held 

 all N. Mesopotamia before the rise of the first Assyrian empire. 



The results of the Cornell expedition, published in 1911, have proved inferior to 

 expectation. By finding monuments in the Tokhma Su valley near Darande, the mem- 

 bers of the expedition (Charles, Olmstead and Wrench) show connection between 

 known areas of Hittite civilisation in the Gurun-Albistan and Malatia districts; and an 

 inscribed spheroid seal, procured near Kharput, suggests that the latter area extended 

 eastwards across Euphrates towards the Vannic borders which is quite credible. The 

 inscriptions published by the Expedition as from the middle Halys basin, the Kaisariyeh 

 and Ekrek districts, the Tyana neighbourhood, Marash, Samsat, the Carchemish dis- 

 trict and Aleppo, were, with two exceptions, already known, and the new copies of the 

 stones, which in most cases are very badly weathered, are not more authoritative than 

 those previously published. A copy of the great Nishan Tash inscription at Boghazkeui, 

 obtained with great patience and labour, proves the text Hittite, but is too imperfect to 

 place it among legible inscriptions. Hittite texts which have not been buried are usual- 

 ly so weathered that their existence in certain localities is of more scientific significance 

 than their contents will ever be. Hittite history will have to read (if at all) from better 

 preserved stones recovered by excavators. 



The late O. Puchstein's posthumous report on the architectural remains at Boghaz- 

 keui (1912) is the most important contribution to Hittite archaeology which has appeared 

 recently. It gives authoritative plans and details of the fortifications, as cleared by 

 Winckler's expeditions in 1906-7; of four temples, inclusive of the large building on the 

 W. formerly supposed to be a palace, and of a " palace " on the S.E., etc. For lack of 

 observation (or record) of the relation borne by small finds, e.g. pottery and inscribed 

 tablets, to architectural remains, the age of the latter is not clearly proved. 



A fragment of inscription in relief characters, found at Restan (Arethusa) on the 

 middle Orontes by Pere Ronzevalle, is the only Hittite monument known in mid-Syria 

 except the Hamah stones. Two new stones have been seen by D. G. Hogarth west of 

 the Sajur, an incised inscription at Ain es-Suda r hr W. of Arab Hassan, and a relief at 

 Tell Khalid. Others at villages east of the Sajur, found and recorded by the British 

 excavators of Jerablus, may have come from the latter site; but more probably from local 

 tells. In Asia Minor, beside the Cornell expedition's stones at Tekir Devrent and 

 Egri Keui in the Kaisariyeh district, and at Isbekjur and Kotu Kale near Darende, and 

 their inscribed lion at Ordasu (Malatia), Garstang's stela from Hadji Bey Keui near 

 Marash (Ann. Anth. Arch, iv, p. 126 & pi. 23) is a new discovery. Hittite characters 

 have been newly found on the necks of large jars at Boghazkeui; on a clay tablet, other- 

 wise in cuneiform, from Cappadocia; on a basalt weight at Jerablus; and on numerous 

 seals and sealings, found in all parts of the Hittite area, but chiefly at Boghazkeui, 

 Jerablus and Sakjegeuzi. 



The history of Hittite power and civilisation, as supplemented by the Boghazkeui 

 archives, has been well set forth by J. Garstang in his Land of the Hittites (1910). The 

 general bearing of recent discovery has been to emphasize the division of Hittite history 

 and remains into two main periods; the first, imperial Hatti rule radiating from Cappado- 

 cia; the second, not of Hatti rule but of either Muski empire or Hatti civilisation sur- 

 viving in small states of Eastern Asia Minor and North Syria (e.g. Tyanitis whose monu- 

 ments show non-Hittite bearded figures). In the latter period fell the relations of the 

 Hebrew monarchies with " Hittites," who, resigning mid Syria to the Aramaean powers 

 of Damascus and Hamah, ceased to be an imperial power in the i2th cent. B.C. It 



