274 



Pernice and Knackfuss for the Berlin Museum are now virtually, at an end. Little 

 prior to the destruction of the city in 944 B.C. has come to light; but a primitive settle- 

 ment has been located on Kiliktepe, S. of the later walls. This has rude constructions 

 of small stones and graves yielding implements of obsidian and other stone, and painted 

 pottery (red on black). Though neolithic in character these graves can hardly be very 

 early in time since Greek geometric sherds were found in them. Much pottery of L.M. 

 Ill (or Sub-Minoan) character has been found elsewhere on the site. Immediately 

 above this stratum begin Ionian remains; a small part of the archaic city with its wall 

 has been revealed at Kalabaktepe not far from the position of the early Athena temple. 

 The sherds here found are not later than the opening of the 5th century. A few graves 

 of the archaic period have been opened near by. The rest of the discoveries are of the 

 Hellenistic and Roman ages. The Hellenistic city was planned gridiron- wise, like 

 neighbouring Priene, but with a slightly larger insular unit (170 feet in length as com- 

 pared with 160). The south market, a vast square with halls and porticoes, was the 

 last important site cleared. It was rebuilt and rearranged in the ist century B.C. A 

 temple of Serapis, some heroa, the stadium, and the baths, built at the expense of the 

 empress Faustina, have also been explored. In the last was found a fine recumbent 

 statue of the River Maeander. On the whole not .much interesting sculpture has come 

 to light and the inscriptions are disappointingly late; but a good deal of light has been 

 thrown on local history in Hellenistic and Roman times, and on local cults. It appears 

 that Miletus had no existence until settled by fugitive Cretans not long before 1000 B.C. 

 Sardis. (E. B. xxiv, 217). Systematic excavations were begun in 1910 by an expedi- 

 tion from Princeton University led by H. C. Butler. The main field of operations was 

 the so-called Temple of Cybele or Cybebe, which is now proved by numerous inscriptions 

 to have been called a temple of Artemis from the 6th century onwards. Clearance has 

 proceeded systematically from the W. end by the removal of debris layer by layer. The 

 opisthodomos was found to be the most ruined portion; but its north wall stands to a 

 height of 2 metres and bears the greater part of an important Greek inscription, a 

 mortgage deed of unique character drawn up at the end of the 4th century B.C., whereby 

 specified lands, etc., were secured to the temple in consideration of a loan made from 

 the treasury to a certain Mnesimachus who held the greater part of his real estate from 

 a king, presumably Antigonus. This chamber with the cella had been converted into a 

 cistern in late Roman times. The eastern end, protected by the talus of the hillside, 

 proved in better preservation. Here two columns still stand to their full height, and 

 many others to half height; but most, if not all, had been restored, probably after the 

 great earthquake of 17 A.D., and many details, e.g. fluting, were never executed. Three 

 varieties of Ionic architecture were employed in the external and internal colonnades. 

 The temple was one of the very largest in the Greek world. No architectural sculptures, 

 but many beautifully carved bases of columns have come to light, and in the joints of 

 the central cult-statue pedestal a survival apparently from a primitive temple a con- 

 siderable find of unused coins was made; the majority, of Hellenistic time, may have 

 formed part of a foundation deposit, inserted at a time of reconstruction; one, of Croesus, 

 found much lower down, must belong to a more original deposit. Greek inscriptions on 

 the pedestals of statues of priestesses were found, and also texts in Lydian script and 

 language, one with an Aramaic bilingual. The whole plan of the temple, which was 

 pseudo-dipteral, has been recovered with certainty. A great many tombs, mostly used 

 more than once in different periods, have been opened, and fine jewellery, intaglios, 

 bronzes, terracottas and pottery have been found. The excavation is still proceeding 

 and it is hoped that the whole agora, as well as other parts of the earliest city, may be 

 explored. (See Amer. Journ. of Archaeology, 1910-12). (D. G. HOGARTH.) 



ARCHAEOLOGY OF OTHER GREEK SITES 



In Greece Proper, during 1910-12, continuous progress has been made in archaeo- 

 logical research, either by fresh discoveries or through the re-examination of previously 

 known monuments, which is frequently due to the influence of new excavations. 



