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of Works has charge of 53 ancient monuments and historic buildings in England and 

 Wales, and 62 in Scotland. 



Apart from State action, the committee for the survey of the Memorials of Greater 

 London has published volumes on Bromley-by-Bow, Chelsea, and Lincoln's Inn Fields; 

 and the National Trust holds properties amounting to 3,400 acres and 13 structures of 

 historic or architectural interest. 



Austria- Hungary. The Central Commission of the Austrian Government for the 

 preservation of Historical Buildings, Monuments, etc., was reorganised under new 

 statutes to which the Imperial assent was given on July 31, 1911. Under these the 

 Commission's sphere was extended to all monuments whose preservation is desirable 

 in the interests of the public, whether on account of their importance in the history of 

 the country, the history of civilisation, the history of art, or by reason of their aesthetic 

 value. Separate arrangements are made for the care of written memorials, but all ques- 

 tions of " Heimatschutz," e.g. preservation of scenery, etc., so far as these are connected 

 with the preservation of monuments, are dealt '.vith by this Central Commission, which 

 also supervises excavations and has charge of such prehistoric monuments as have not 

 already been placed in the State Museums. 



The Commission consists of a Chief Commissioner, a Chairman and Vice-Chairman 

 appointed by the Emperor, an Advisory Board of Monuments of 50 members, and an 

 office for State Monuments. Its headquarters are at Vienna. A History of Art Insti- 

 tute and possibly also institutes for prehistoric and numismatic research are projected 

 in connection with it. For the separate kingdoms and countries of the Empire, local 

 conservators are appointed who are civil servants versed in the history of art, technical- 

 ly trained and possessing legal knowledge. Further, the Chief Commissioner has power 

 to appoint honorary wardens of monuments and correspondents with the duty of assist- 

 ing local conservators. These conservators are under the Central Commission, which 

 in its turn is under the control of the Ministry for Public Worship and Education. 



Bavaria. -The entire care of the national monuments in Bavaria rests with the 

 General-Konservatorium der Kunstdenkmaler und Altertiimer Bayerns, which is placed 

 directly under the Ministry of Education. The General-Konservatorium is composed 

 of specialists in prehistoric archaeology (the term " prehistoric " covering the whole 

 period up to A.D. 700), specialists in the later history of art, and practical artists 

 experienced in the work of restoration. By a law of July 6, 1908 national monu- 

 ments were placed under legal protection and a penalty imposed for all damage done to 

 them. The provisions of the law are extremely drastic with regard to the preservation 

 of all prehistoric objects, though they only apply to such as are pronounced " remark- 

 able " in the case of periods later than the Merovingian. Thus the right of the land- 

 owner to excavate or explore for monuments on his own estate is dependent on the 

 permission of the administrative authorities of the district, and further, anyone who 

 desires for any purpose whatever to disturb the ground in a place where monuments 

 may be expected to be concealed must obtain leave from the same authorities before 

 he can begin work. The General-Konservatorium, however, is free from any such re- 

 strictions, and is merely obliged to give notice to the district authorities of any investiga- 

 tions which it is going to undertake on its own account. Honorary local correspondents 

 keep the General-Konservatorium informed of the condition of all historical monuments 

 within their districts, and here the term " historical monument " is interpreted in a large 

 sense and includes not only churches, fortifications, city gates, towers, castles and town 

 walls, but even cottages, small chapels, fountains, old bridges, wayside calvaries and 

 pillories. Great weight is also laid on the local associations, and a cottage may be saved 

 because it is an integral part of a beautiful or typical landscape. 



In addition to the above, the property of the Church is subject to the supervision of 

 the State, and most districts have regulations of their own concerning the erection of 

 new and the restoration of old buildings. Thus at Wiirzburg, the local by-law makes 

 the employment of red roofing tiles obligatory " so as not to interfere with the beauty of 

 the landscape by the erection of differently-coloured roofs." 



