ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 3 , 3 



advanced than Socialism," it at once made a strong appeal to the Roman Catholic 

 masses, and soon spread over France. The Archbishop of Albi, writing in its defence, 

 claimed that it represented an effort to " break down the prejudices which 

 La France. separate the majority of Republicans from Catholicism, to overcome the 

 anti-clericalism which claims a monopoly of democratic zeal, and to destroy 

 the association of ideas which in France seems to identify social progress with irreligion," 

 But the extreme democratic theories advocated by some of the members of Le Sitton, 

 and their indifference to ecclesiastical authority, soon got the organisation into difficul- 

 ties, Cardinal Andrieu, the Archbishop of Bordeaux, being specially emphatic in his 

 warnings. It was accused of substituting a vague philanthropy for religion, and the 

 service of Man for the service of God, arid teaching that all forms of government should 

 be condemned which are not directly dependent upon the people. Pius X called Upon 

 the leaders of the movement to stand aside and to give place to the bishops. Its mem- 

 bers were invited to group themselves in diocesan associations. "For the moment 

 these diocesan groups will be independent of each other; and to mark clearly their break 

 with the errors of the past, they will take the name of Catholic Sillons, and each of their 

 members will add the word Catholic to his title of Sillonist." The founder of Le Sttlon 

 a few days later announced his withdrawal from the direction of the movement. 



IQII.- At the beginning of 1911 the Sacred College of Cardinals had' only forty-six 

 members, and the work which devolved upon the Cardinals living in Curia had become 

 very heavy. Seventeen new cardinals were created at a consistory held 

 Cardinals. * n R me m October. As had been generally anticipated in England: the 

 red hat came back to Westminster, and on the 27th of November Cardinal 

 Bourne became Titular of S. Pudenziana, one of the most venerable of all the sanctuaries 

 of Rome. The other new cardinals were Archbishop Farley of New York, and Archbish- 

 op O'Connell of Boston, and Monseigneur Falconio, Apostolic Delegate at Washington, 

 who though Italian by birth is a naturalised American citizen; Archbishop Cos y Macheo 

 of Valladolid, Archbishop Amette of Paris, Archbishop Dubillard of Chambery, Bishop 

 Cabrieres of Montpellier, and Father Billot the Jesuit Professor of Dogma at the Gre- 

 gorian University in Rome, Archbishop Nagl of Vienna, and Archbishop Bauer of Olmutz; 

 Holland received a representative after a long interval in the person of Father Van Ros- 

 sum; the diplomatic service of the Holy See supplied two names to the list those of 

 Monseigneur Vico, the nuncio at Madrid, and Monseigneur Granito ,di Belmonte, 

 formerly nuncio in Vienna and more recently the envoy of the Pope to the Coronation 

 of King George V; finally three members of the Roman Curia, Monseigneur Bisleti, 

 for many years Maestro di Camera and Majordomo, Monseigneur Lugari, one of the 

 assessors of the Holy Office, and Monseigneur Pompili, secretary of the Congregation 

 of the Council. Before the consistory the proportion of Italian to non-Italian cardinals 

 was 28 to 18, after it the proportion became 33 to 30. 



The consistory was made memorable in the history of the Church by reason of the 

 oath taken by each of the new cardinals pledging himself to disregard the right of veto 

 over the election of the Pope claimed by the Catholic Powers, and commonly believed 

 to have been successfully used by Austria to exclude Cardinal Rampolla from the Papacy. 

 The oath repudiated in emphatic terms the interference of lay Powers. , 



In October 1911 two new ecclesiastical provinces were created by the Holy See in 

 Great Britain, those of Liverpool and Birmingham. Something of the sort had long 

 been expected. The province of Westminster, under an archbishop with 

 sees. fifteen suffragans, was an anomaly in the Church. Under the mew arrange- 



ment the dioceses of Northampton, Nottingham, Portsmouth and South- 

 wark are grouped with Westminster; with Liverpool go Hexham and Newcastle, Leeds, 

 Middlesbrough and Salford as suffragan sees; while with Birmingham are associated 

 the sees of Clifton, Menevia, Newport, Plymouth and Shrewsbury. At the same time 

 the Holy See was careful in several ways to safeguard the position of pre-eminence which 

 had so long belonged to the see of Westminster. Its archbishop is the permanent 

 president at all meetings of the whole hierarchy, and it rests with him to summon such 



