AERONAUTICS 339 



alteration of works after they have passed from the author's possession, and the putting 

 forth such altered works as the original unaltered works of the author or copies of such 

 altered works, as copies of the original unaltered works, without the author's consent 

 The penalty for these offences is a fine of ten pounds, or a sum not exceeding double th'e full 

 price at which all such fraudulent works have been sold or offered for sale. This penalty 

 is contingent upon the author whose name has been fraudulently signed or work altered, etc. 

 having been living within twenty years of the committal of the offence. 



Joint Authorship. The copyright in a work executed by two or more artists subsists 

 during the life of the author who first dies and for a term .of fifty years after his death, or dur- 

 ing the life of the author who dies last, whichever period is the longer. 



Designs. The Act does not apply to designs capable of registration under the Patents 

 and Designs Act 1907, that is to say designs which are intended to be multiplied by an 

 industrial process. 



Posthumous Works. In the case of an engraving in which copyright subsists remaining 

 unpublished at the time of the author's death, copyright remains until publication and for 

 fifty years thereafter. 



Existing Copyright. Where any person at the time of the coming into operation of the 

 Act was entitled to any copyright, he became from that date entitled to the substituted rights 

 provided by the Act as if it had been in existence at the date when the work was made; but 

 if the author of a work has assigned his rights entirely or partially for the whole term of his 

 rights, then at the date when but for the passing of the new Act the right would have expired, 

 the substituted right conferred by the Act passes to the author and the interest of the assign 

 terminates- but the assignee is entitled at his option to (i) an assignment of the further rights 

 on a consideration to be agreed, or (2) without such assignment to continue publication 

 as before subject to the payment of a royalty to be agreed. Failing agreement, the terms 

 in both cases must be settled by arbitration. 



Common Law Right. All protection at common law ceases to exist, and no right can be 

 claimed other than those provided under the Act, or by any other act which may be in force. 



(EDWIN BALE.) 



SECTION VII. ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRY 



AERONAUTICS 1 



Since 1910 Aeronautics has definitely taken its rank among the sciences. Though 

 precise knowledge is meagre as yet, the fundamental principles which determine the 

 laws of air-resistance and the properties of the air in motion, on the proper utilisation 

 and application whereof aerial navigation-is based, have once and for all been laid down 

 in their broader aspects. Whereas, therefore, even in 1910 the design of an aeroplane 

 proceeded largely by guess-work and its construction by rule of thumb, to-day the 

 science of aerodynamics, founded partly on theoretical considerations and partly on the 

 data derived from extensive experiment and research, is sufficiently exact to enable the 

 qualities and capabilities of an aeroplane of given design to be forecast with accuracy. 

 Within this short space of time the aeronautical engineer, formerly content merely to 

 produce a machine that would fly, has already begun to design aircraft with a given 

 object, which has led to a marked differentiation of types. 



If vast strides have been made in the science of aerodynamics, the kindred aspects 

 of the science of meteorology have made little progress. From the point of view of 

 aerial navigation the great general movements of the atmosphere, and their 

 causes have little immediate interest, whereas the structure of the wand is 

 of vital importance. Since the publication of Langley's Internal Work of 

 the Wind, this branch of meteorology has remained almost stationary, but in the year 

 1912 there was established at South Farnborough a new branch of the (British) Meteoro- 

 logical Office, acting in conjunction with the Advisory Committee on Aeronautics and 

 the Royal Aircraft Factory, the chief function of which, in addition to supplying weather 

 forecasts for the use of military aviators, is to carry on research work in what may be 

 1 See E. B. i, 260 et seq. ("Aeronautics"), and x, 502, el seq. ("Flight and Flying"). 



