472 AMERICAN SPORTS 



of the jury withdrew, and a protest meeting was held by the competitors. The first 

 prizes were won by Saarela, Koskelo and Ware of Finland, with C. E. Johansson of 

 Sweden, Ahlgren, and Boling of Finland receiving second prizes for the incomplete final 

 round above-mentioned. A German, a Hungarian, and a Russian reached the prize 

 list, which was otherwise confined to Finns and Swedes. 



Professional wrestlers have assisted towards the present eclipse of this style. Gotch, the 

 American champion, was victorious by a hold which gave his antagonist the choice of sur- 

 render or permanent injury. In a public match Gama, an Indian, and Zbysco, a Galician, 

 helped to discredit wrestling as a popular spectacle by remaining on the mat for three hours 

 and doing nothing. In Lancashire and Cumberland wrestling is still cultivated, and is seen 

 at its best at the Grasmere and similar Fell meetings. 



Yachting. 



The progress of international yacht racing in European waters in the last few years 

 has been considerable. The International Rule for yacht measurement and rating was 

 introduced in England on January i, 1907, and in all European countries on January i, 

 1908. Since its introduction up to 1912 about 650 yachts have been built to the classes 

 which race under the rule. 176 of the vessels have been constructed under the survey 

 of Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping; 112 of this number have been built 

 in Great Britain and 64 have been built abroad. The remainder, about 474, have been 

 built in Germany, Norway, Sweden, France, Denmark, Spain, Russia and Finland under 

 the survey of foreign classification societies. 



In 1911 the first great European International regatta was held at Spithead; there were 

 19 events, of which Great Britain won 9, Germany 4, Spain 4, and Norway 2. 13 of the 

 events were won by yachts of British design, and 6 by yachts of foreign design. 



In 1912 the second European International regatta was held at Kiel. 24 events were 

 sailed; German-owned yachts won II, British 8, and Norway, Austria, Russia, Spain, and 

 Belgium one each. 15 of the events were won by yachts of British design, 9 by yachts 

 designed abroad. 



All the yachts of the international classes of 23 metres (75.4 feet) and under have been 

 single-masted vessels, and those from 23 metres down to 8 metres have been cutter-rigged. 

 Those smaller than 8 metres have usually carried a triangular form of lugsail. The most 

 successful designers of the cutters have been Fife, Mylne, and Nicholson (British), and Anker 

 (Norwegian); and of small lugsail vessels, in addition to the designers already named, Morgan 

 Giles, Glen-Coats, Laws, and Linton Hope (British). Notable racing cutters have been 

 " Shamrock" (Fife) 23 metres, "Octa via" (Mylne) 1 9 metres, "Mariquita" (Fife) 19 metres,; and 

 Nicholson in 1912 designed a splendid all round sea-going cutter in the 15-metre class named 

 " Istria." 



The racing in Class A above 23 metres has been carried on by schooners, .yawls having 

 gone out of favour. Since the visit of an American schooner, the " Westward " (Herreshoff),to 

 Europe in 1910, which was most successful, the German schooners have been -the best in 

 European waters; "Germania," and the German Emperor's yacht," Meteor," both designed by 

 MaxOertz, winning all the prizes in their class at the International regattas of 1911 and 1912. 



(A. W. BROWNE.) 

 SPORT IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Sport in America "is constantly undergoing changes of more or less importance. 

 This may be due in part to the nature of the amalgamated race or it may be due to the 

 fact that sport has had such a short life in the United States as thus far to have no strong 

 traditions. Every game is played by the letter of the rule, and the rules must therefore 

 be exact; and with this exactness comes a pressing necessity for completeness that would 

 hardly be recognised in England, where tradition governs so strongly. For this reason 

 a brief summary of the changes that have affected American sports since 1909-10 will 

 aid the reader in understanding the general situation in the United States. 



Football. The sport of American intercollegiate football has developed quite materially 

 in method and rules in the last two or three years. First, the periods of play from two halves 

 of thirty-five minutes each, separated by an intermission, have been altered into four periods 

 of fifteen minutes each with an intermission of one minute between the first and second and 

 third and fourth periods and an intermission of fifteen minutes between the second and third 

 periods. The field of play has also been quite materially altered. The actual distance 

 between the goal lines instead of 330 ft. as formerly is now only 300 ft., but there is an addi- 

 tional end zone at each end extending 30 feet back from the goal line, in which a man may 



