5 io ENGLISH POLITICAL HISTORY 



(27) Irish judges shall in future be appointed by the Lord Lieutenant. 



(28) For appeals to the House of Lords appeals shall be substituted to the Judicial 

 Committee of the Privy Council. 



(29, 30) Questions raised by the Lord Lieutenant or a Secretary of State as to Irish 

 Acts being ultra vires shall be determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 

 to whom also shall be appeals on such points raised by decisions of the Irish Court of Appeal; 

 and similar appeals shall lie to the latter from the Irish Courts. 



(31) The Lord Lieutenant may be any British subject, irrespective of religious belief. 

 His term of office shall be six years, and he shall be paid by the Imperial Exchequer, a deduc- 

 tion for this purpose of 5,000 per annum being made from the " transferred sum." 



(32-36) Provision is made in these Clauses for safeguarding the interests of existing 

 Irish judges and administrative officials, under the direction of a Civil Service Committee, 

 consisting of a chairman nominated by the Lord Chief Justice of England, a nominee of the 

 Imperial Treasury and a nominee of the Irish Ministry. 



(37) Provision is also made for maintaining the existing interests of the Dublin Met- 

 ropolitan Police and Royal Irish Constabulary. 



(38-41) General provisions, including that the Irish Parliament cannot repeal or alter 

 this act, or any other that the Imperial Parliament extends hereafter to Ireland. 



(42-46) For the purpose of effecting the transition to a Home Rule system in Ireland, 

 provision is made for details to be settled by Orders in Council. 



(47) Definitions. 



Even before the introduction of the Bill it had been seen that the greatest practical 

 difficulty in the way of Home Rule, irrespective of controversy over particular details 

 in the scheme, would be the attitude of Unionist Ulster. Under Sir Edward 

 opposition. Carson's leadership, opposition was already being organised in 1911, on 

 behalf of the North of Ireland Protestants and Orangemen, which, it was 

 openly avowed, would if necessary go to extreme lengths, even to a refusal to recognise 

 a Parliament in Dublin 1 and to the setting up of a separate " provisional government." 

 The anxiety of the Government to counter this movement as far as possible had been 

 shown early in the session by the announcement that Mr. Winston Churchill was going 

 over to Belfast to speak on February 8th in the Ulster Hall, and violent opposition to 

 the proceeding was at once taken in hand there. It was considered on the Unionist side 

 that for the son of Lord Randolph Churchill, who had said that " Ulster would fight 

 and Ulster would be right," to preach Home Rule in a place associated with the campaign 

 against it, was an outrage; and the leaders of the Ulster Unionist Council took steps to 

 make the delivery of his speech in the Ulster Hall impossible. Eventually its engage- 

 ment for the purpose was cancelled, and it seemed for the moment that the prospects 

 of rioting and bloodshed if Mr. Churchill appeared in Belfast at all were so serious that 

 the Government would be obliged to keep him away. Mr. Churchill however was not 

 to be daunted. Arrangements were made for the speech to be delivered in a pavilion 

 in a field outside the city, and for troops to be drafted there in large numbers for the 

 maintenance of order. The apparent denial of free speech at all on the Ulster Unionist 

 side was severely commented upon elsewhere, and justified with some misgivings by 

 English sympathisers, but when the leaders had been successful in defeating the plan 

 for holding a Home Rule meeting in the Ulster Hall they went no further. Mr. Church- 

 ill duly arrived and made his speech with characteristic courage, dwelling particularly 

 on the safeguards which the Home Rule Bill would contain against anything to which 

 Ulster could object ; but the city was in a ferment of dangerous antagonism and he had 

 to be smuggled away afterwards to avoid the hostility of the crowd. Actual rioting 

 was avoided, and peace was kept between Nationalists and Loyalists, at the cost of 

 2,730 for the expense of the troops engaged, the Ulster leaders having eventually devot- 

 ed themselves to keeping their supporters well in hand; but the whole incident was an 

 unpleasant revelation of the rebellious spirit that was being aroused. A little later 

 (April gth) Mr. Bonar Law was present at a great anti-Home Rule demonstration at 

 Belfast, the special note of which was a solemn pledge of Loyalist resistance. 



The Liberal Press in England made light of these warnings, but the organisation of 



1 The anniversary of "Craigavon Day," September 23, 1911, when Sir E. Carson was 

 acclaimed the Ulster leader, and the Declaration of Ulster was published to the above effect, 

 was publicly celebrated in 1912. 



