S5 6 UNITED KINGDOM STATISTICS 



Mention must also be made of the deaths of two well-known personages in "Society": 

 The Duchess of Buccleuch, d. at Dalkeith, N.B. on the ijth of March. She was the 

 daughter of the 1st Duke of Abercorn, and one of the seven sisters depicted by Disraeli in 

 Lolnaire. In 1859 Lady Louisa Jane Hamilton married Lord Dalkeith, afterwards 5th 

 Duke of Buccleugh (see E. B. iv, 7i2c). A great lady of the "old school," she was an 

 "intimate friend of the Royal family, particularly of Queen Victoria, to whom she was mistress 

 of the robes in 1885-92 and 1895-1901, and was continued in office by Queen Alexandra. 



The Countess of Cork and Orrery, b. 1828 ; d. in London on the loth of October. She was 

 the daughter of the first Marquis of Clanricarde, her mother being a daughter of George 

 Canning. She was married in 1853 to Lord Dungarvan, afterwards 9th Earl of Cork and Or- 

 rery, and was the mother of three sons and five daughters. Possessed of great beauty and a 

 brilliant talker, she gathered round her a wide circle of men of letters and politicians, espe- 

 cially among the Whigs, to which party her husband belonged. She was the writer of 

 occasional papers, and of a little volume of verse, Memories and Thought (1886). 



ENGLAND AND WALES 1 



Including General Statistics for the United Kingdom. 



Population. The census of the United Kingdom in 1911, of which tabular details 

 are given below, revealed a greater aggregate increase in England itself during the 

 decade 1901-11 than during that of 1891-1901, but the increase per cent of the popula- 

 tion declined. A tendency is suggested towards a state of equilibrium as between urban 

 and rural districts, as was also indicated in the earlier decade. Thirteen administrative 

 counties returned decreased populations in 1901, but these, with the exception of West 

 Suffolk and Westmorland, showed an increase in 1911. In addition to these, Cumber- 

 land, Carnarvon and Radnor returned a decrease in 191 1 though not in 1901 ; and among 

 Welsh counties, Cardigan, Montgomeryshire and Merionethshire showed a decrease at 

 both censuses. These counties indicate the existence of three main areas of decreasing 

 or unstable population, a north-western, an East Anglian, and a Welsh area. But the 

 census report points out that in the agricultural counties the " returns of increase for 

 1901-1 1 compare favourably in nearly all cases with those recorded in the earlier period," 

 and the fact is particularly noteworthy in Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire and Rutland, Buck- 

 inghamshire and Oxfordshire, and Dorset. On considering the chief mining and indus- 

 trial counties, the argument is found to hold good, excepting in South Wales. A greatly 

 enhanced rate of increase in the industrial area of South Wales causes the rate for the 

 whole of Wales to grow from 13,3 per cent increase in 1901 to 18.1 per cent in 1911. 

 Otherwise, " in Nottinghamshire the rate is fairly steady, moving slightly up; in North- 

 umberland and Durham, Lancashire, Staffordshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire, 

 it is markedly down "(Geog. Jour., xxxviii, 399). The average rate of increase in the 

 population of 98 towns with populations exceeding 50,000 has declined from 15.3 per 

 cent in 1891-01 to 8.7 per cent in 1901-11, and has fallen in all the 15 towns whose 

 population exceeded 200,000, except Portsmouth. " The greatest increase of all is at 

 Southend-on-Sea (pop. 62,723; increase 117.4 P er cent); Ilford, Ealing and Acton, Cov- 

 entry, Wallasey, and King's Norton follow. Three of these towns are on the outer ring 

 of London; Southend is practically so, and Wallasey and King's Norton are also 'ring' 

 towns. The radiation outward from London and other great urban centres is going on; 

 at the same time it is surging over some of the 'ring' towns which were at the height of 

 their growth about 1901. Thus the rate of increase has fallen in Ilford from 277.6 per 

 cent to 89.6 per cent, in East Ham from 193.6 per cent to 39.1 per cent, in Walthamstow 

 from 105.3 per cent to 31 per cent. As to the gross decrease in the County of London, 

 the report puts the matter geographically 'The process of decentralization, which at 

 first affected the inner districts of London only, h'as gradually affected a much wider 

 area, until in 1901-11 only nine of the twenty-eight Metropolitan boroughs showed an 

 increase of population. These boroughs, which are mainly those furthest removed from 

 the centre, are Hampstead, Hackney, Fulham, Hammersmith, Wandsworth, Camber- 

 well, Greenwich, Lewisham and Woolwich' " (Gcog. J&ur. xxxviii, 400). 



1 For earlier information on England, sec E. B. \\, 408 et seq.; for Wales, xxviii, 258 et 

 seq.; for general statistics for the United Kingdom, xxvii, 598 et seq. See also E. B. articles 

 on the counties and towns, and sections in articles on special subjects. 



