5 68 ENGLAND AND WALES 



Committee, new industries have been introduced there, one of great importance being the 

 manufacture of filament electric lamps. The ironworks' industry at Hawarden Bridge, 

 Flintshire, has continued to develop, and connected with it a garden city at Sealand has 

 been partly built and occupied. Another ironworks industry is flourishing at Ellesmere 

 Port, Cheshire, where water-transit facilities have also developed corn milling. The popula- 

 tion has increased in ten years by 6,091. 



Lancashire and Yorkshire. New cotton mills are building in such centres as Turton, 

 Leigh, Nelson, Hastenlae and Livesey (Blackburn), Haslingden, &c.; while steel works 

 at Partington and salt works at Runcorn are to be included among other industrial 

 developments. The Lancashire cotton trade enjoyed in 1911 its most prosperous year 

 since 1907, and this prosperity was reflected in the iron-founding and engineering indus- 

 tries which are more or less closely allied to the staple industry of the county. At the 

 end of 1911, however, a dispute occurred in the cotton trade which was only brought 

 to a close on January 19, 1912, after a lock-out of the operatives lasting nearly a month. 



All the Sheffield industries have shown remarkable activity, the volume of trade in the 

 last three years being larger than at almost any previous period. To protect them- 

 selves against infringers of trade marks, a special fund of 15,000 has been raised by manu- 

 facturers, and several prosecutions have been successfully initiated. A new society called 

 the Sheffield Electro-Metallurgical Society was formed in 1910. Many new mills have 

 been erected at Huddersfield, where the cloth and other trades have been active. 



Northern Counties. Ship-building on the north-east coast from Blyth to the Tees 

 has reached a very high point, 349 vessels of 1,071,743 tons being launched in 1911, 

 compared with 226 vessels of 654,789 tons in 1910. After an interval of five years the 

 " blue riband " for the largest amount of construction by one firm in the United King- 

 dom came to the Tyne in 1911, this distinction being obtained by Messrs. Swan, Hunter 

 and Wigham-Richardson, whose production aggregated 125,050 tons. New methods of 

 marine propulsion during the period under review include the geared turbine of Sir Charles 

 Parsons, the Diesel oil engine, as exemplified in the Wallsend-built ship " Toiler," and 

 the gas engined vessel " Holzapfel I " built at South Shields. At the close of 191 2 Messrs. 

 Swan, Hunter and Wigham-Richardson were building for a Scotch firm a vessel for the 

 Canadian lakes on the new principle of a Diesel engine supplying electrical power. 



Naturally, with shipbuilding so active in 1911, the sister industry of marine engineering 

 was correspondingly brisk. One firm on the Tyne, Messrs. R. J. VV. Hawthorn, Leslie and 

 Co., held the record over the Kingdom for the year, their turn-out of engines amounting to 

 150,200 shaft horse power. Since 1910 the various sections of labour engaged in ship-build- 

 ing have had their wages increased three times, representing 33. per week per man. Ship- 

 yard workers' discharge notes were discontinued at the request of the men in the early part 

 of 1912, and their demand, along with the engineering trades, is for an eight hours' day. 



East Angtia, etc. Among recent industrial developments in this part of England are 

 the establishment of blast furnaces and rolling mills at Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, and of 

 electric steel furnaces at Braintree, Essex. Among industries recently established at Chelms- 

 ford are works of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. and other electrical works, the National 

 Steam Car works, etc. At Rochester large works for the manufacture of cement-making 

 machinery were established by an Anglo-German firm in 1911. 



South Wales. The revival of prosperity in the tin plate trade which began in 1898 con- 

 tinues unchecked. The annual amount paid in wages to South Wales tin plate workers is 

 now about 2,300,000. Of the 569 mills engaged on the manufacture of tin plates in Eng- 

 land and Wales 96 per cent are situated in Glamorgan, Carmarthen and Monmouth. In 

 1911 the Welsh tin plate trade broke all records. 



Labour Exchanges. The system of labour exchanges was inaugurated on February 

 i, 1910. By the end of 1911 there were 261 exchanges at work, and during that year 

 the number of vacancies notified by employers was 757,109, and the number filled by 

 the exchanges was 589,770. The demand for workers exceeded the supply in the cotton, 

 woollen and worsted trades, as well as, during certain seasons of the year, in the coach- 

 building and engineering trades and the Clyde ship-building industry, while female 

 workers were also found scarce in the clothing and laundry industries. 



Fisheries. The great herring industry at Yarmouth has now a fleet of 1000 boats, 

 principally steam drifters. A Yarmouth boat broke all records in September 1912 with 

 a haul of 320,000 herrings, a catch that realised 520. Not less than 10,000 fishermen 

 are engaged in the Yarmouth fishery. In the season of 1911 the catch at Yarmouth 



