BRITISH DEFENCE 577 



was 7,984,600, or an average of 11,917 per member of parliament (670 seats). They 

 were distributed as follows: (A) England and Wales: counties (253 seats), 564,281 

 owners, 3,106,370 occupiers, 130,302 lodgers, total 3,800,953; boroughs (237), 22,986 

 freemen, freeholders, etc., 2,445,387 occupiers, 185,601 lodgers, total 2,653,974; universi- 

 ties (5), 20,816. Total, 6,475,743. (B) Scotland: counties (39), 63,884 owners, 37 2 ,9i3 

 occupiers, 34,116 lodgers, total 470,913; boroughs (31), 30,265 freemen, etc., 255,429 

 occupiers, 32,044 lodgers, total 317,738; universities (2), 23,801. Total, 812,452. (C) 

 Ireland: counties (85), 8,918 owners, 556,535 occupiers, 4,926 lodgers, total 570,379; 

 boroughs (16), 2,535 freemen, etc., 113,803 occupiers, 4,691 lodgers, total, 121,029; 

 universities (2), 4,997. Total, 696,405. 



Defence. The cost of imperial defence, in relation to national wealth and income, is 

 summarized in Table XXIX. 1 



Table XXIX. 



Navy (see also "Navies" in Part I: sect, i, of the YEAR-BOOK). The creation of 

 a Naval War Staff was announced in January 1912. Its advisory functions were 

 outlined in an important memorandum by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Winston 

 Churchill, in which he foreshadowed a scheme of collaboration between the Naval War 

 Staff and the General Staff of the army. Some staff officers were to be appointed im- 

 mediately, and appointments were to be made subsequently after a special course of 

 training at the War College. At the same time the appointment was announced of Sir 

 Francis Hopwood as additional Civil Lord of the Admiralty to deal with the business 

 and commercial transactions of the Board, the appointment being permanent and non- 

 political. Rear Admiral E. C. T. Troubridge was appointed Chief of the War Staff, 

 Captain G. Ballard Director of the Operations Division, and Captain E. C. Jackson 

 Director of the Intelligence Division. 



Admiral-of-the-Fleet Sir A. K. Wilson, formerly First Sea Lord, retired from the 

 active list on March 4, 1912, on attaining the age of seventy. He was succeeded as 

 First Sea Lord, on November 29, 191 1, by Admiral Sir Francis Bridgman, whose resigna- 

 tion on the ground of ill-health 2 was announced on December 6, 1912. He was succeeded 



1 After Mr. Edgar Crammond in the Nineteenth Century and After (Aug., 1912). 



2 The resignation of Sir F. Bridgeman on Dec. 4th was the subject of several questions 

 to Mr. Winston Churchill in the House of Commons, and led to an animated debate on Dec. 

 2Oth. Mr. Churchill had originally stated that Sir F. Bridgeman resigned for reasons of 

 health, but, under pressure, admitted that he had himself taken the initiative in asking for 

 the First Sea Lord's resignation; and he was sharply attacked by Lord Charles Beresford, 

 who suggested that Sir F. Bridgeman had been improperly treated, and that he had been 

 removed because he disagreed with Mr. Churchill on questions of naval policy. The full 

 disclosure of the facts on Dec. 2Oth showed that these charges \yere untenable. Mr. Churchill 

 had reluctantly been forced to the conclusion that the Admiral's health was not equal to 

 the grave responsibility attaching to his office at a time of severe strain, and he was bound in 



