INDIA 603 



tus, and meeting the expenses of research assistants, necessary to the carrying on of its 

 work. There has been, contrary to expectation, no friction between the old and the 

 new universities. The National University played a prominent part in the bi-centenary 

 celebrations of Trinity College. The co-operative principle is working not only in 

 agriculture. It is the key-note of the Ireland of to-day. 



Among recent works on Ireland, see George W. Russell (" A. E."), Co-operation and 

 Nationality, Dublin; S. J. Brown, A Guide to Books on Ireland (Dublin); E. Paul Dubois 

 Contemporary Ireland, Dublin; Padraic Colum, My Irish Year (London); R. Mortimer 

 Wheeler, Ireland To-day (London); W. P. Ryan, The Pope's Green Ireland (London); the 

 Earl of Dunraven, The New Spirit in Ireland (London); Sydney Brooks, Aspects of the Irish 

 Question, Dublin. (W. B. WELLS.) 



INDIA 1 



Census of IQII. The census was taken in India on March 10, 1911, and showed a 

 total population for the Indian Empire of 315,132,537. Compared with the total for 

 1901, the increase is 20,771,481, or 7.1 %. But part of this increase is due to the inclu- 

 sion of tribal areas on both the N.W. and N.E. frontiers, with a population (mostly 

 estimated, not actually enumerated) of 1,731,116. In the British Provinces the rate of 

 increase is only 5.5%, while in the Native States and Agencies it is as high as 12.9%. 

 The intervening decade had been, on the whole, favourable to agriculture, and a re- 

 covery was to be expected in the areas affected by the famines of 1897 and 1900. On the 

 other hand, the visitation of plague had been severe and continuous, causing more than 



6 million recorded deaths, chiefly in Northern India, where also ah exceptional outbreak 

 of malarial fever occurred. In the result, both the Punjab and the United Provinces 

 show an actual decrease. The highest rates of increase are in the Central Provinces, 

 Burma, and Eastern Bengal and Assam. 



Classified according to religion, some interesting results appear. As on former 

 occasions, the rate of increase among Mahommedans (6.7%) is higher than among 

 Hindus (5%). So-called Animists (20%) and Buddhists (13%) both have a high rate 

 of increase. Jains show an unexpected decrease (6%), while the reforming sect of the 

 Arya Samaj in Northern India has grown from 92,419 to 243,514. But the most sur- 

 prising results are in the case of Sikhs and Christians. The former have increased from 

 2,195,339 to 3,014,466 or by 38%; the latter from 2,923,241 to 3,876,196 or by 33%. 



This increase of Christians, 2 which of course means native converts, deserves explanation 

 in detail. The great majority are still to be found in the extreme South, where in the two 

 States of Travancore and Cochin more than one T fourth of the total population are now 

 Christians, and the rate of increase during the past decade was 30%. Though the actual 

 numbers are much less, this rate of increase has been exceeded elsewhere. Taking native 

 Christians alone, and thus excluding European troops, in the United Provinces the number 

 has risen from 23,404 in 1891 to 68,841 in 1901 and 136,469 in 1911; while in the Punjab 

 the number has risen from 19,561 in 1891 to 37,980 in 1901 and 163,220 in 1911. The rate 

 of increase during the past decade has been 90% in Assam, 45% in Burma, and 33% in 

 Bihar &c., while in the Mahommedan state of Hyderabad it has been threefold. Turning 

 to the several denominations, Roman Catholics are still by far the most numerous, and 

 their rate of increase has been 22 %. Next come Syrians of various rites, and then Anglicans, 

 among whom the rate of increase has been only 8.5 %. Other Protestant denominations 

 show extraordinary figures. Baptists, mainly in Madras and Burma, have multiplied from 

 22 1, 040 to 336,596; Lutherans, in Madras and Bihar, from 155,45510218,499; Prcsbyteria-ns, 

 in the Punjab and Assam, from 53,931 to 181,128; Methodists, in the United Provinces, 

 from 76,907 to 171,754; and Congregationalists, in Madras and Travancore, from 37,874 

 to 135,264. Salvationists now number 52,407, mostly in the Punjab, Travancore, Bombay 

 and Madras. 



The statistics of literacy are not strictly comparable, for the test has been changed, being 

 now the ability to write a letter to a friend and read his reply. The total number of literate 

 persons has risen during the decade from about 15^ to l8| millions, the proportion per 

 thousand having risen from 98 to 106 in the case of males and from 7 to II in the case of 

 females. The total number of persons literate in English has risen from 1,125,231 to 1,670,- 

 387, the proportion per ten thousand having risen from 68 to 95 in the case of males and from 



7 to 10 in the case of females. Excluding the exceptional case of Buddhist Burma, Bombay 



1 See E. B. xiv, 375 et seq., and allied articles. 



2 Here it may be mentioned that those of mixed descent, formerly known as Eurasians, 

 are henceforth to be officially styled Anglo- Indians. 



